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Author: search.filters.author.Homwuttiwong, Sahalaph

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    Volatile Organic Compounds from Unexpected Sources: Fabric Softener-Initiated Emissions
    (2022-01-01)
    Chatsuvan, Thabtim
    ;
    Homwuttiwong, Sahalaph
    ;
    Morris, John
    ;
    Ongwandee, Maneerat
    A fabric softener is usually applied to laundry during a rinse stage. It is composed of surfactants, solvents and others, which can escape into the air and cause adverse effects. Emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from fabrics conditioned with liquid fabric softener were measured and compared with those unconditioned and conditioned with water. Undyed, naturally-and chemically-dyed silks, cotton, polyester, Tetron cotton (T/C) and rayon fabrics were tested. The test fabrics were cut into 15×40 mm rectangles and equilibrated for 24 hr at 30 °C in 20 ml vials. The emitted VOCs in the vial air were sampled, using a solid phase microextraction technique and then analyzed by a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. Alkanes and toluene were mostly detected from the unconditioned fabrics. Toluene was emitted from machine woven fabrics – cotton, polyester, T/C and rayon-but not detected in the hand-woven silk. The fabrics emitted total VOCs per unit projected surface area in the range of 1-9 µg/m2 as toluene equivalent. Water-washing reduced emissions by 4-55%, whereas the fabric softener treatment increased emissions by 10-163% from the water-treated ones, except for the undyed silk. The most commonly emitted VOCs, from the fabrics treated with the fabric softener, were ethyl 2-methyl butyrate, nonanal, d-limonene and eucalyptol – compounds used to enhance fragrance. This demonstrated that fabric softeners contribute to the release of several VOCs mixtures that did not originate from the fabric itself.
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    Coal bottom ash use in traditional ceramic production: evaluation of engineering properties and indoor air pollution removal ability
    (2020-11-01)
    Ongwandee, Maneerat
    ;
    Namepol, Kan
    ;
    Yongprapat, Kamolchai
    ;
    Homwuttiwong, Sahalaph
    ;
    Pattiya, Adisak
    Coal bottom ash (CBA) disposed to landfills causes environmental issues. Thus, we used CBA in traditional clay ceramics that had the triple advantage of consuming troublesome waste, adsorbing volatile organics and being decorative indoors, replacing up to 40% by weight of clay with CBA and firing from 700 to 1300 °C. Clay and CBA mixtures were cast, cured at room temperature for 24 h and fired at several temperatures. Firing temperature impacted linear shrinkage, water absorption and fracture toughness, more strongly than CBA mixing proportion. Above 1000 °C, fracture toughness and water absorption resistance was enhanced but shrinkage increased. However, adding CBA lessened the contraction. SEM confirmed complete sintering as clay particles fused as a rigid solid above 1000 °C. X-ray diffraction patterns of ceramics containing CBA showed crystobalite and labradorite, in addition to quartz, due to flux materials in CBA. Leachability tests showed that the CBA ceramics were not ‘toxic’ on the USEPA TCLP regulatory list. Adsorption of gaseous toluene, a representative indoor pollutant, followed a Freundlich model: CBA made the adsorption sites more homogeneous, reduced the interaction mechanisms on the surfaces and thus the Freundlich exponent. Increased CBA increased toluene adsorption by 2–7 times.