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Valorizing Red Seaweed Spent Biomass into Reducing Sugars for β-Carotene Production by Rhodotorula paludigena
(2026-05-01)
Kongsinkaew, Chatchol
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Tangsattayatithan, Chutipol
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Chittapun, Supenya
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Phiphatbunyabhorn, Parivat
;
Laemthong, Tunyaboon
Seaweed bioactive extraction generates de-extracted residual solids that remain carbohydrate-rich but are often underutilized. This study developed an integrated valorization route for Gracilaria fisheri spent biomass to produce fermentable sugars for β-carotene production by Rhodotorula paludigena CM33. Reducing sugar production was optimized using response surface methodology (Box–Behnken design) by varying reaction time, sulfuric acid concentration, and biomass loading at 90 °C. The predicted optimum (47.39 min, 2.50% (w/v) H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>, and 7.13% (w/v) biomass) yielded 22.41 g/L reducing sugars and was validated experimentally at 22.22 ± 0.19 g/L, indicating that the model reliably predicted reducing sugar production. The optimized condition was scaled up in a 22 L bioreactor with sequential acid hydrolysis followed by enzyme-assisted hydrolysis, increasing reducing sugars from ~30 to ~40 g/L. FTIR and SEM analyses indicated progressive modification of the carbohydrate matrix across processing stages. Batch cultivation of R. paludigena on the hydrolysate showed that ammonium sulfate supplementation significantly increased biomass, whereas β-carotene titers were not significantly different. Repeated-batch operation on non-supplemented hydrolysate sustained production over four cycles with β-carotene titers of 13.75–17.27 mg/L, demonstrating the operational feasibility of the hydrolysate-based system. Overall, this work demonstrates a practical seaweed biorefinery approach to upgrade G. fisheri spent biomass into sugars and carotenoid-rich yeast biomass.
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Fed-batch strategies for growing β-carotene enriched yeast Rhodotorula paludigena using untreated molasses
(2025-11-01)
Kongsinkaew, Chatchol
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Chisti, Yusuf
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Ketudat-Cairns, Mariena
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Chittapun, Supenya
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Pornpukdeewattana, Soisuda
The β-carotene-rich yeast Rhodotorula paludigena CM33 was grown in a 22-L bioreactor using sugarcane molasses in combination with several distinct fed-batch strategies: DO (dissolved oxygen)-stat; stepwise feeding; and hybrid feeding (an initial exponential feeding phase followed by a DO-stat operation). The impacts of feeding strategies on biomass production, carotenoid production and nutrient conversion efficiencies were evaluated. The stepwise feeding proved most effective, achieving: a final dry biomass concentration of 73.1 ± 2.7 g L−1; a β-carotene titer of 181.9 ± 1.0 mg L−1; a biomass volumetric productivity of 1.33 ± 0.05 g L−1 h−1; and β-carotene productivity of 3.31 ± 0.02 mg L−1 h−1. However, with this feeding strategy the sugar and nitrogen conversion efficiencies were the lowest: the β-carotene yield on total sugar was 0.92 ± 0.00 mg g−1 and its yield on nitrogen was 5.47 ± 0.06 mg g−1. In contrast, the DO-stat operation was the most resource efficient, providing a biomass yield on sugar of 0.47 ± 0.02 g g−1, a biomass yield on nitrogen of 2.64 ± 0.05 g g−1, a β-carotene yield on sugar of 1.08 ± 0.04 mg g−1, and β-carotene yield on nitrogen of 6.08 ± 0.08 mg g−1. The hybrid strategy resulted in intermediate values of the various performance parameters. Raw sugarcane molasses proved to be excellent for high-cell-density culture of R. paludigena. A compromise between productivity and resource use efficiency may be required for commercial production of β-carotene especially if the substrate is expensive compared to the product.
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Enhanced high β-carotene yeast cell production by Rhodotorula paludigena CM33 and in vitro digestibility in aquatic animals
(2024-12-01)
Thumkasem, Namphet
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On-mee, Thapanut
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Kongsinkaew, Chatchol
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Chittapun, Supenya
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Pornpukdeewattana, Soisuda
This study assessed Rhodotorula paludigena CM33's growth and β-carotene production in a 22-L bioreactor for potential use as an aquatic animal feed supplement. Optimizing the feed medium's micronutrient concentration for high-cell-density fed-batch cultivation using glucose as the carbon source yielded biomass of 89.84 g/L and β-carotene concentration of 251.64 mg/L. Notably, using sucrose as the carbon source in feed medium outperforms glucose feeds, resulting in a β-carotene concentration of 285.00 mg/L with a similar biomass of 87.78 g/L. In the fed-batch fermentation using Sucrose Feed Medium, R. paludigena CM33 exhibited high biomass production rates (Q<inf>x</inf>) of 0.91 g/L.h and remarkable β-carotene production rates (Q<inf>p</inf>) of 2.97 mg/L.h. In vitro digestibility assays showed that R. paludigena CM33, especially when cultivated using sucrose, enhances protein digestibility affirming its suitability as an aquatic feed supplement. Furthermore, R. paludigena CM33's nutrient-rich profile and probiotic potential make it an attractive option for aquatic nutrition. This research highlights the importance of cost-effective carbon sources in large-scale β-carotene production for aquatic animal nutrition.
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Rhodotorula paludigena CM33 cultivation process development for high β-carotene single cell protein production
(2023-11-01)
Thumkasem, Namphet
;
On-mee, Thapanut
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Chittapun, Supenya
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Pornpukdeewattana, Soisuda
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Ketudat-Cairns, Mariena
Rhodotorula yeast has potential in terms of biotechnology for the production of various compounds for the environmental, industrial, and medical sectors. It is well known to generate carotenoid pigments that are beneficially distinguished. This investigation aimed to optimize the growth of Rhodotorula paludigena CM33 and its production of β-carotene. Response Surface Methodology was employed to optimize temperature, ammonium sulfate, and ferric chloride concentrations in a 5L-bioreactor batch culture. The optimal conditions of 30 °C, 6.2 g/L of ammonium sulfate, and 75.0 mg/L of ferric chloride provided biomass of 17.71 g/L, a specific growth rate of 0.22 h−1, and β-carotene concentration of 40.29 mg/L. Upon scaling up the cultivation process, the 22L-bioreactor displayed similar growth patterns to those of the 5L-bioreactor. However, the 22L-bioreactor exhibited higher product yields in a shorter time period. The maximum biomass production of 18.96 ± 1.31 g/L and the maximum β-carotene production of 42.81 ± 0.61 mg/L were achieved at 28 h. This scaling-up strategy resulted in improved production efficiency. Additionally, the nutritional value of the cells was evaluated, suggesting their potential as animal feed supplements. R. paludigena CM33 demonstrated a β-carotene single-cell protein content, making it a valuable source for aquaculture and livestock feed. These findings highlight the potential of this yeast strain for large-scale production of β-carotene and single-cell protein, offering nutritional benefits for animal feed.

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