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Plant extract-based nanoemulsion for controlling sweet potato pests and weeds
(2026-12-01)
Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Ruddit, Anusart
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Lakyat, Anuwat
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Doungnapa, Thanaporn
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Deemak, Jantra
The sweet potato weevil (Cylas formicarius) is the most destructive pest of sweet potato and is often associated with diseases and weeds. The use of plant extracts as pest control agents is a promising, eco-friendly approach, but their effectiveness often declines under field conditions. Therefore, nanoemulsion technology was applied to improve the dispersion and bioefficacy of active compounds. In this study, we aimed to develop plant extract-based nanoemulsions as multifunctional biopesticides capable of controlling insect pests, fungal pathogens, and weeds. Twenty-one plant extracts were screened for their effects adult SPW via contact methods. The most potent extracts were then formulated into nanoemulsions and evaluated for insecticidal efficacy—including contact toxicity, repellency, and oviposition inhibition. In addition to insecticidal effects, antifungal and herbicidal activities were systematically assessed against Fusarium sp. and two common weed species in sweet potato fields, Amaranthus tricolor and Echinochloa crus-galli. The major chemical constituents of key extracts were identified using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Among all extracts, the hexane extracts of star anise and long pepper exhibited the highest contact toxicity, with LC50 values ranging from 2.051 to 2.415% at 24 h. When formulated into nanoemulsions (NHEF-1 and NHEH-2), toxicity increased 16- to 18-fold, lowering LC<inf>50</inf> values to 0.114–0.150%, and at above 0.1%, oviposition was inhibited by more than 85%. Both formulations also demonstrated significant antifungal activity against Fusarium sp. (44.6–56.8% growth inhibition) and completely inhibited the germination of A. tricolor (at 0.01%) and E. crus-galli (at 1.0%). GC–MS analysis revealed anethole (84.49%) as the predominant compound in the star anise extract, with long pepper extract containing moderate amounts of several compounds. These findings demonstrate the potential of plant extract-based nanoemulsions as eco-friendly, multifunctional biopesticides for sustainable sweet potato management, integrating enhanced insecticidal, antifungal, and herbicidal effects.
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Field Performance and ecological safety of botanical nanoemulsions against sweet potato weevil in Tropical smallholder systems
(2026-06-01)
Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Lakyat, Anuwat
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Name, Janejira
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Deemak, Jantra
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Phutphat, Sudjai
This study investigated the effectiveness of two nanoemulsion-based plant hexane extract formulations, S4L0 and S3L1, for managing sweet potato weevils (SPW) under field conditions. The formulations, derived from star anise and long pepper hexane extracts, were tested alongside a synthetic insecticide (imidacloprid) and an untreated control using a randomized complete block design (RCBD) on farmer plots in Sa Kaeo Province, Thailand. Key determination parameters included SPW infestation levels, crop yield, pesticide residue levels, diversity of non-target soil arthropods, and soil physicochemical properties. Field applications of S4L0 and S3L1 reduced SPW infestations to 3.6 ± 4.3 and 11.1 ± 5.0 insects per plant, respectively, significantly lower than in untreated plots (33.9 ± 11.8 insects/plant). No detectable imidacloprid residues were found in tubers treated with S4L0 or S3L1, whereas imidacloprid-treated tubers retained residues of 0.335 and 0.144 ppm at 5 and 7 days after application. Sweet potato yields ranged from 310 to 440 g/plant, with no significant differences among treatments. The untreated plots supported greater diversity and abundance of non-target soil arthropods, while the imidacloprid-treated plots showed the lowest diversity. Soil properties, including bulk density, pH, electrical conductivity, and organic matter content, remained stable across treatments. Overall, S4L0 and S3L1 demonstrated effective pest suppression and minimal environmental impact, highlighting their potential as sustainable alternatives to synthetic insecticides for integrated pest management in sweet potato production.
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Long-term insect surveillance and facility-level risk assessment to support integrated pest management in a fruit juice manufacturing facility
(2026-06-01)
Chantarapitak, Chaiamon
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Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Chanpitak, Chaiwat
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Kramchote, Somsak
Long-term insect surveillance is a critical component of industrial pest management in food manufacturing facilities. This study assessed the effectiveness of an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) program implemented in a fruit juice factory in Pathum Thani, Thailand, from January 2023 to June 2025. Weekly monitoring using 28 insect light traps and sticky boards was conducted across the facility. Capture data were aggregated on a monthly basis. To reduce the confounding influence of seasonal variation, temporal trends were assessed using same-period half-year comparisons. Diptera, particularly fruit flies, was predominant (85.7%), followed by Hemiptera (including former Homoptera) (7.9%), Hymenoptera (1.7%), and Coleoptera (1.3%). Other insects occurred at very low frequencies, collectively accounting for < 1% of the total captures. Temporal analysis using same-period half-year comparisons showed reductions of −19.1%, −28.0%, and −12.6%, followed by stabilization in 2025, with a distinct peak in November 2023 suppressed by corrective measures such as fogging, light management, and door control. The response followed a stepwise IPM framework with intensified actions only when required. Spatial analysis showed higher captures in Building 2 and the staff canteen than in Building 1. Risk classification showed most traps remained within acceptable thresholds, while persistent Level 3 risks were limited to Traps 10, 18, and 19 in Building 2. These results indicate a progressive reduction in insect captures across successive monitoring intervals under the implemented IPM program, followed by stabilization at comparatively low levels. The study provides a long-term dataset and a practical framework for facility-level insect risk assessment, supporting evidence-based pest management in industrial settings.
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Optimization of Feed Formulation, Feeding Rate, and Plant-Based Supplements for Efficient Rearing of the Superworm Zophobas morio (Fabricius) Under Tropical Conditions
(2026-02-01)
Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Prachom, Noratat
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Kramchote, Somsak
Insects are increasingly recognized as sustainable protein sources due to their high feed conversion efficiency and low environmental impact. Among them, the superworm, Zophobas morio (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), has strong potential for large-scale production; however, optimized feeding strategies under tropical conditions remain limited. This study aimed (1) to determine the optimal feed formulations and feeding rate using wheat bran supplemented with the KMITL Protein Innovation source (a protein feed ingredient developed by the School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, KMITL), and (2) evaluate the influence of plant-based supplementary foods on larval performance. In Phase I, larvae were reared on 13 formulations with three protein levels (CP00, CP21, and CP24) and five feeding rates (A–E). Diets CP21–21 and CP24–21 (21 and 24% CP; wheat bran/protein = 2:1) resulted in the highest survival (83.4–84.1%) and the lowest feed conversion ratios (FCR = 2.29–2.34). Moderate feeding rates (C–D; 925–1110 g feed per tray for 50 days) produced the greatest larval weights (700–760 mg), whereas ad libitum feeding provided no additional benefit. In Phase II, larvae reared on CP21–21 with a restricted rate of 1100 g per tray and supplemented with ten plant-derived foods achieved comparable final weights (716–760 mg), but survival varied significantly among treatments. Mulberry leaf yielded the highest survival (95.3%), followed by banana, watermelon rind, winter melon, and jicama (>90%). Pumpkin and jicama accelerated pupation and adult emergence, showing a female-biased sex ratio among emerged adults (59.2–65.5%), suggesting enhanced developmental rates. These results establish a practical framework for cost-effective and sustainable Z. morio production under tropical conditions, contributing to circular bioeconomy strategies and supporting insect-protein innovation.
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In Vitro Termiticidal Activity of Medicinal Plant Essential Oils Against Microcerotermes crassus
(2025-12-01)
Chantarapitak, Chaiamon
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Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Chanpitak, Chaiwat
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Kramchote, Somsak
Termites are destructive structural pests causing significant economic losses worldwide. Although synthetic termiticides are effective, their extensive use raises environmental and health concerns, highlighting the need for safer, sustainable alternatives. This study evaluated the contact toxicity and repellency in a closed system of essential oils (EOs) from clove (Syzygium aromaticum), cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), and star anise (Illicium verum) against Microcerotermes crassus workers. Chemical constituents (eugenol and anethole) were characterized by GC–MS/MS, and their activities were compared with those commercial termiticides (fipronil and cypermethrin). Clove and cinnamon oils exhibited strong toxicity, with LC<inf>50</inf> values decreasing from 208.6 to 70.6 µL/L and from 362.6 to 130.5 µL/L, respectively, over 24 h. Both achieved LT<inf>50</inf> values below 10 h at 250 µL/L and over 80% repellency at 100–500 µL/L within 3–12 h. Eugenol, the major constituent, showed comparable activity. In contrast, star anise oil, dominated by anethole, displayed weaker repellency but measurable termiticidal effects with a slower onset. These findings indicate that eugenol-rich oils may provide rapid-contact activity. In contrast, anethole-rich oils may offer slower but measurable termiticidal effects, suggesting distinct potential roles in future formulation development. The findings provide a foundation for developing nanoemulsion-based botanical termiticides with improved stability and field performance.
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Using a Computer Vision System for Monitoring the Exterior Characteristics of Damaged Apples
(2025-10-01)
Al-Riyami, Zamzam
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Al-Dairi, Mai
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Pathare, Pankaj B.
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Kramchote, Somsak
Mechanical damage like bruises produced during postharvest handling can lower market value, affect nutritional value, and pose food safety risks. The study evaluated bruises on apples using image processing. This research focuses on using computer vision for apple fruit damage detection. The fruits were subjected to three levels of impact using three ball weights (66, 98, and 110 g) dropped from 50 cm height and stored at 22 °C. The overall impact energies generated were 0.323 J (low), 0.480 J (medium), and 0.539 J (high). The bruise area and susceptibility of the damage, surface area of the fruit, and color were measured manually (colorimeter) and by image processing. The study found that the bruise area was significantly affected by impact force, where 110 g (0.539 J) damaged apples showed a bruise area of 4.24 cm<sup>2</sup> after 21 days of storage at 22 °C. The images showed a significant change in the RGB values (Red, Green, Blue) over 21 days of storage when impacted at 0.539 J. The study showed that the greater the impact energy effect, the higher the weight loss under constant conditions of storage. After 21 days of storage, the 110 g mechanically damaged apples recorded the highest percentage of weight loss (6.362%). The study found a significant decrease in the surface area of 110 g bruised apples, with a smaller decrease in surface area for 66 g bruised fruit. The use of computer vision to detect bruise damage and other quality attributes of Granny Smith apples can be highly recommended to detect their losses.
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Differential Biochemical Responses of Resistant and Susceptible Genotypes of Chili to Pepper Yellow Leaf Curl Thailand Virus
(2025-09-01)
Mueangkhong, Manthana
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Suwor, Patcharaporn
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Techawongstien, Suchila
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Teerarak, Montinee
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Tsai, Wen Shi
Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) production is threatened by the pepper yellow leaf curl virus (PepLCV), transmitted by whiteflies, leading to reduced yields. This study investigated the biochemical changes in two chili genotypes, PEP6 (tolerant to PepLCV) and Homsuphan (susceptible to PepLCV), following inoculation with the Thailand strain of PepLCV (known as Pepper Yellow Leaf Curl Thailand Virus, PepYLCTHV). Inoculation was performed using whitefly transmission (WF) and graft transmission (GT) methods, and disease severity was evaluated using a standardized index. The level of total phenolic compounds and the activities of peroxidase (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes were analyzed in virus-infected plants and compared with those in uninoculated controls. Both chili genotypes exhibited a more rapid increase in disease severity when inoculated with WF than with GT. In PEP6, disease severity was lower than Homsuphan in both WF and GT inoculations. Disease severity in WT-inoculated PEP6 plants increased gradually, reaching 100% by day 36, whereas Homsuphan plants had a more rapid progression, attaining 100% by day 21. The GT method led to slower disease severity progression in both genotypes, reaching 80–85% by day 36. In PEP6 plants, total phenolic compound content increased significantly following WF, indicating an active defense response, whereas levels remained stable in GT plants. Phenolic content in the tolerant genotype Homsuphan remained stable across all conditions. Notably, peroxidase (POD) activity was elevated in GT plants of both genotypes, which correlated with reduced disease severity. Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity was lowest in control plants, but WT and GT increased the PPO level. Among the treatments, GT induced the highest PPO activity, which was associated with the lowest disease severity. These findings suggest that GT may enhance disease resistance by modulating phenolic compound accumulation and increasing POD and PPO activity.
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Effect of Trichoderma harzianum against Fusarium oxysporum in resistant and susceptible tomato cultivars
(2025-01-01)
Suwor, Patcharaporn
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Mueangkhong, Manthana
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Kawicha, Praphat
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Thanyasiriwat, Thanwanit
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Techawongstien, Suchila
Fusarium wilt disease presents a substantial challenge to tomato production, especially in an open field environment. The peroxidase (POD) activity and total phenolic compounds (TPCs) play a crucial role in measuring the antioxidant capacity of plants. Understanding the variations in the POD and TPC levels during disease-induced stress becomes important for effectively managing Fusarium wilt and enhancing tomato production. This study investigates the impacts of Trichoderma harzianum inoculation through the root drip method on five tomato cultivars. It compares these cultivars to their non-treated counterparts when they are subjected to infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici (Fol). The results showed that the level of resistance to Fol is based on the specific tomato cultivar. Notably, 'MT26' exhibited the lowest disease severity index (DSI), indicating a strong response, whereas 'CLN3682F' showed notable susceptibility. Regarding the POD and TPC activity, its exhibition differed in compatibility with the response of each tomato cultivar to Fusarium wilt disease. The resistant cultivars increased the POD activity after the Trichoderma induction before the Fol inoculation, and this activity was further boosted when exposed to disease conditions. Consequently, enhancing the POD and TPC levels during the initial stages could potentially serve as a systemic defence mechanism of tomatoes against the Fusarium wilt disease.
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Combining ability analysis in anthracnose-resistant introgression inbreds and developing improved resistant lines of pepper (Capsicum annuum L.)
(2025-01-01)
Saengarun, Patcharapan
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Suwor, Patcharaporn
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Inprasert, Hathaipat
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Kumsee, Nattika
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Tsai, Wen Shi
Chili peppers (C. annuum L.) are a commercial spice crop in the tropics. In Thailand, chili pepper is a cash crop for farmers and has cultural significance in Thai cuisine. Anthracnose disease caused by Colletotrichum spp. is responsible for a significant reduction in the marketable fruit yield of chili peppers. In this study, we tested the combining abilities of anthracnose-resistant chili pepper lines possessing resistance introgression genome segments from C. chinense (PBC932) and C. baccatum (PBC80). Six parental inbreds developed from two resistant donors PBC80 and PBC932 were crossed in a haft-diallel fashion to develop 15 cross combinations during 2018. In 2019, seeds of 21 genotypes comprising six parents and 15 F<inf>1</inf> s were planted in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) and data on plant characteristics, fruit yield and yield components were recorded. Detached fruits were screened against anthracnose causing aggressive species (C. acutatum). ANT4 showed the lowest disease lesion size and lowest GCA value at green and red fruit stages, containing resistance from PBC80. Additionally, the general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were significantly different at the green fruit stage, with the SCA component greater than GCA. Based on GCA and SCA estimates, ANT4 was selected and crossed to three highly susceptible cultivars (Yodsonkeam 80, Num, and Jindanil 80). The crosses were advanced and 10 F<inf>5</inf> lines were developed through marker-assisted selection (MAS) for resistance genes. The MAS was more useful for selecting resistance at the green fruit stage. We also found that MAS was more effective in F<inf>2</inf> progenies compared to F<inf>5</inf> progenies. Finally, we selected 10 new pure lines and evaluated them at the farmer's field. AF1, AF6, and AF7 were highly resistant to anthracnose, a more desirable good fruit type and high yield.
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Parasiticidal Properties of Nanoemulsion-Based Plant Essential Oil Formulations for Controlling Poultry Ectoparasites in Farm Conditions
(2024-11-01)
Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Lakyat, Anuwat
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Klompanya, Ampon
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Taemchuay, Duangkamol
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Assavawongsanon, Amorn
Nanoemulsion-based plant essential oil formulations (NEOFs) have shown remarkable parasiticidal properties in laboratory settings, suggesting the potential for practical farm applications. This study investigates the efficacy of NEOFs—comprising clove and cinnamon essential oils (EOs)—in controlling poultry ectoparasites under real farm conditions. We evaluated the impact of NEOFs on ectoparasite populations, egg-laying performance, egg quality, leukocyte profiles in chicken blood, and potential insecticide residues in eggs. Conducted across various poultry farms, the results revealed that NEOFs achieved an over 95% ectoparasite eradication after two treatments, compared to significantly higher ectoparasite populations in untreated control groups. Egg production was notably higher in NEOF-treated flocks, and the feed conversion ratio was improved. No significant differences in leukocyte profiles were observed between the treated and control groups. In contrast, cypermethrin residues were detectable in eggs for more than eight weeks post-treatment. NEOFs achieved an over 97% ectoparasite extermination within seven days post-treatment, with farmer satisfaction averaging 4.83 out of 5.00. These findings position NEOFs as a highly effective, environmentally friendly alternative to chemical pesticides for managing poultry ectoparasites, offering a viable solution for sustainable poultry farming.

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