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Enhancing Structural Stability and Drug Release Control in Xanthan Gum–Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogel Films via Ferric Ion Crosslinking
(2026-05-01)
Monvisade, Pathavuth
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Napradit, Sasipa
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Sintoppun, Tanaporn
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Yamaguchi, Masayuki
This study investigates the development and characterization of xanthan gum/poly(vinyl alcohol) (XP) hydrogel films crosslinked with ferric ions via a dipping method for controlled oral drug delivery. The effects of ferric ion crosslinking on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the films were systematically evaluated through swelling behavior, gel content, thermal and mechanical analyses, cytotoxicity testing, and in vitro drug release profiling using para-acetylaminophenol as a model drug under simulated digestive conditions. Crosslinking with ferric ions significantly enhanced the structural integrity of the films by reducing water uptake and improving gel stability in both simulated gastric (SGF) and intestinal fluids (SIF). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed restricted polymer chain mobility due to ionic interactions within the network. Mechanical testing showed increased tensile strength and Young’s modulus with higher crosslinking density. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed excellent biocompatibility, with high cell viability observed across all formulations. The films enabled controlled release of para-acetylaminophenol under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, with drug release kinetics suggesting a combination of diffusion-controlled and erosion-mediated mechanisms. These findings support the potential of Fe3+-crosslinked XP hydrogel films as stable and biocompatible carriers for sustained oral drug delivery.
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Smart dual-mode fluorescent label from rhodamine–alginate and fluorescein–chitosan for real-time shrimp freshness monitoring
(2026-01-15)
Jitjamrasrat, Aorawee
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Chalitangkoon, Jongjit
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Monvisade, Pathavuth
A dual-mode pH-responsive label was developed for real-time visual monitoring of shrimp freshness. The system integrates oxidized sodium alginate grafted with rhodamine B ethylenediamine (ORE) and chitosan grafted with fluorescein (CSF) into screen-printable inks, forming a dual-color platform with complementary colorimetric and inverse ratiometric fluorescence responses, where ORE emission decreases while CSF emission increases with rising pH. This inverse behavior enhances visual contrast and enables intuitive color discrimination. The label exhibited reversible color transitions—from pink to yellow (daylight) and from bright orange to green (UV) in response to pH and volatile amines showing high sensitivity, selectivity, and storage stability. Applied to shrimp packaging, its optical response correlated with total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N) levels, effectively distinguishing fresh, sub-fresh, and spoiled samples. RGB analysis using a smartphone enabled rapid, on-site freshness evaluation. This dual-mode, printable sensing platform offers a practical and scalable approach for seafood freshness monitoring and intelligent food packaging.
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Smart colorimetric label based on chitosan-grafted cresol red for early detection of catheter blockage and infection through urinary pH monitoring
(2025-12-01)
Keawdoungdee, Anchisa
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Chalitangkoon, Jongjit
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Sirithanakorn, Chaiyos
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Kamolvit, Witchuda
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Detsri, Ekarat
This study presents a smart, non-invasive colorimetric sensor designed for the early detection of catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) and impending catheter blockage. The sensor was developed by covalently grafting cresol red onto chitosan (CS-g-CR) via a Mannich reaction, producing a biocompatible, pH-responsive material exhibiting strong dye retention and stable, visible color transitions across the urinary pH range. The material was formulated into a water-based screen-printable ink and applied to cotton fabric, yielding flexible labels capable of detecting alkaline shifts associated with Proteus mirabilis infection. In an in vitro bladder model, the printed labels provided up to 20 h of advance warning prior to complete catheter blockage. Color changes were quantified using smartphone-based RGB analysis, enabling objective and real-time monitoring. This low-cost sensing platform holds promise for point-of-care applications aimed at improving early diagnosis and reducing complications in long-term catheterized patients.
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Development of Bilayer Chitosan–Carrageenan Hydrogel Film for Enhanced Controlled Release of Turmeric–β-Cyclodextrin Complex in Wound Dressings
(2025-11-01)
Monvisade, Pathavuth
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Sintoppun, Tanaporn
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Chantaranara, Prapassorn
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Punpairoj, Prapaporn
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Deatvakkanee, Pitchapa
This study presents the development and evaluation of a bilayer hydrogel film designed for controlled drug delivery in wound dressing applications. The outer layer, composed of chitosan and glycerol, exhibited excellent water resistance, flexibility, and favorable moisture-handling properties, including high water vapor permeability and moisture absorption, which are critical factors for maintaining an optimal wound environment. The inner drug-loaded layer, formulated with carrageenan and loaded with either free turmeric or turmeric–β-cyclodextrin inclusion complex (TCD), served as the drug reservoir. Films incorporating TCD exhibited significantly enhanced turmeric solubility and drug release efficiency compared to those containing uncomplexed turmeric. Among the tested formulations, CS-TCD1, which featured a thinner drug-loaded layer, achieved the highest performance, with approximately 68% cumulative release over four days. While the release kinetics showed a strong correlation with the Higuchi kinetic model (R2 = 0.9927), further analysis using the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC) and the Korsmeyer–Peppas model indicated an anomalous (non-Fickian) transport mechanism, governed by both diffusion and matrix swelling or erosion. These results highlight the importance of matrix architecture and drug solubilization strategies in the design of hydrogel-based drug delivery systems for wound care.
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Dual covalent and ionic crosslinked xanthan gum–PVA hydrogel films for enhanced drug release performance
(2025-11-01)
Monvisade, Pathavuth
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Napradit, Sasipa
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Sintoppun, Tanaporn
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Yamaguchi, Masayuki
This study presents the development and characterization of dual crosslinked xanthan gum–polyvinyl alcohol (XP) hydrogel films for potential use in controlled drug delivery applications. Hydrogel films were synthesized using glutaraldehyde for covalent crosslinking and Cu2+ ions for ionic crosslinking, with varying polymer ratios and crosslinker concentrations. The swelling behavior and gel content were evaluated in both distilled water at 25 °C and simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C, revealing that dual crosslinking significantly enhanced structural integrity and swelling resistance, with gel content reaching up to 98%. Thermal analysis using DSC and DMA confirmed increased glass transition temperatures, indicating reduced polymer chain mobility due to denser crosslinking networks. Mechanical tests showed that the films possessed high tensile strength (60–62 MPa), with stiffness increasing alongside Cu2+ concentration and xanthan content. Cytocompatibility was validated through MTT assays on Vero cells, with all formulations exceeding 80% viability, thus classified as non-cytotoxic according to ISO 10993-5:2009 guidelines. Drug release studies using para-acetylaminophenol demonstrated sustained release behavior, achieving 50% release over 6 h in SBF. Kinetic analysis revealed that the release followed zero-order kinetics (R² = 0.9986) and case-II transport (n = 1.0396), indicating that release was governed by matrix swelling and erosion. These findings highlight the potential of XP dual crosslinked hydrogels as effective and biocompatible platforms for sustained drug delivery, particularly in wound care applications.
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Enhanced Photocatalytic and Biological Properties of Cellulose Cotton Fabric Coated with Carboxyethyl Chitosan/Zinc Oxide Bio-nanocomposite
(2025-09-01)
Ayu, Mutiara
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Siriphannon, Punnama
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Monvisade, Pathavuth
This study developed a CECS/ZnO-functionalized cotton fiber sheets as a single-use filter layer for face masks, with enhanced antibacterial and photocatalytic properties. Cotton fiber sheets were modified with zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) using a dip-coating method, with and without carboxyethyl chitosan (CECS) as a binder and stabilizing agent. The fiber sheets were treated with 0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 M Zn(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>2</inf> solutions, followed by hydrothermal synthesis in NH<inf>4</inf>OH (Zn:NH<inf>4</inf>OH = 1:2) at 100 °C for 1 h. The study successfully demonstrated ZnO NPs formation on cotton sheets, producing ZnO-immobilized cotton sheets (Cf/Zn). Higher Zn2⁺ concentrations promoted greater nucleation of ZnO nanoparticles. However, they also caused particle agglomeration, which reduced the surface area and weakened ZnO adhesion to the cotton fibers. This presents a significant challenge in achieving a uniform nanoparticle distribution. However, the introduction of carboxyethyl chitosan (CECS) (Cf/CECS/Zn) as a binder and stabilizer represents a novel approach that showed a superior ZnO adhesion, better particle distribution, and higher Zn content than untreated Cf/Zn. Among the samples, Cf/CECS/Zn0.1 exhibited the highest Zn content (154 ppm), the highest antibacterial zone diameter (29.39 mm), and the most effective photocatalytic activity (65.66%). While both Cf/Zn and Cf/CECS/Zn demonstrated antibacterial activity against S. aureus, Cf/CECS/Zn0.1 showed superior performance, with low cytotoxicity confirmed by Vero cell viability tests. The treated fibers also displayed enhanced hydrophobic and photocatalytic properties. These results demonstrate the potential of CECS-modified ZnO-immobilized cotton sheets for advanced healthcare filtration applications, offering enhanced antibacterial, photocatalytic, and non-toxic properties.
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Thermochromic phase change beads based on phenolphthalein/ octadecylamine/ decanol for low-temperature indication and thermal buffering in cold chain logistics
(2025-07-01)
Thanaritthimanomai, Aunchisa
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Monvisade, Pathavuth
This study presents the development of thermochromic phase change beads (TC-BPA) designed for low-temperature applications (0–5 °C) in cold chain logistics. The beads were fabricated by encapsulating a ternary system—comprising phenolphthalein (PHP) as the color former, octadecylamine (ODA) as the developer, and decanol (10OH) as the solvent—within an alginate shell using a simple extrusion-dripping technique. Optimization of the component ratios yielded uniformly spherical beads (1.82–2.20 mm diameter) with rapid and reversible color transitions. Notably, the optimal formulation (TC-BPA10) shifted from purple to pale pink within 10 s (ΔE = 61.46 ± 1.27) and turned completely white within 60 s (ΔE = 82.66 ± 0.77) at 25 °C. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed a melting temperature of 4.9 °C and a latent heat of 200.05 J/g, with only a slight decrease after 100 thermal cycles. Additionally, TC-BPA10 maintained a stable temperature range (–2.2 °C to 2.9 °C) for approximately 28 min, demonstrating effective thermal buffering. These properties suggest that TC-BPA10 is a promising candidate for integrated temperature monitoring and energy storage in smart refrigerated packaging in cold chain logistics.
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Photocrosslinked Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)–Tung Oil–Natural Rubber Films: A Sustainable Solution for Enhanced Water Resistance and Mechanical Properties in Biodegradable Packaging
(2025-06-20)
Monvisade, Pathavuth
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Jianprasert, Apichaya
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Sintoppun, Tanaporn
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Yamaguchi, Masayuki
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Rukchonlatee, Suparat
This study introduces a novel approach to addressing the water resistance limitations of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA)-based biodegradable films by developing a ternary blend system incorporating tung oil (T) and natural rubber (R), forming PTR films. Photocrosslinking, combined with thermal and redox catalytic systems, facilitated the creation of enhanced network structures, as confirmed by FTIR analysis, particularly at tung oils conjugated double bonds. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed significant shifts in glass transition temperatures (T<inf>g</inf>), signifying enhanced crosslink density and interconnectivity between the components. The resulting PTR films demonstrated remarkable improvements in water resistance, evidenced by higher solid remain percentages, reduced water absorption, and significantly lower water vapor permeability (WVP). Mechanical properties, including tensile strength and Youngs modulus, improved by up to 150% (from 6.6 MPa of PT0R15-r-np to 16.3 MPa of PT0R15-r-p30) and 870% (from 6.6 MPa of PT0R15-r-np to 16.3 MPa of PT0R15-r-p30), respectively, due to the formation of robust network structures. Contact angle measurements and reduced moisture content further underscored the enhanced hydrophobic and moisture barrier properties. These findings establish photocrosslinked PTR films as a sustainable and high-performance option for biodegradable packaging applications, offering practical advantages such as reduced processing temperatures and production times.
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Advanced chitosan hybrid dye labels for dynamic monitoring of shrimp and milk freshness
(2025-04-01)
Ronte, Arnat
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Chalitangkoon, Jongjit
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Sintoppun, Tanaporn
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Niemhom, Nantawan
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Manapradit, Nuttaporn
This study presents the development of intelligent screen-printed labels for real-time food freshness monitoring. Using chitosan grafted with rosolic acid (RA) and immobilized on montmorillonite (MMT) through cationic exchange, a hybrid dye was synthesized and applied in screen-printing inks. The hybrid structure was characterized by XRD, TGA, and UV–vis, confirming improved thermal stability and maintained halochromic properties. SEM analysis showed consistent ink deposition on filter paper, while water contact angle (WCA) measurements demonstrated enhanced surface hydrophobicity due to the MMT. The labels exhibited clear pH-sensitive color transitions from yellow to purplish red (pH 2.0–12.0) and rapid ammonia sensitivity, with ΔE values exceeding 45.0 within 10 min. The labels also demonstrated excellent reversibility, storage stability, leaching resistance, and cytocompatibility. Practical tests on shrimp and milk confirmed the labels' ability to accurately monitor freshness through visible color changes. These findings highlight the potential of hybrid labels as effective, scalable freshness indicators for intelligent food packaging.
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Dual Cross-Linked Chitosan-Based Films with pH-Sensitive Coloration and Drug Release Kinetics for Smart Wound Dressings
(2025-03-04)
Chalitangkoon, Jongjit
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Ronte, Arnat
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Sintoppun, Tanaporn
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Manapradit, Nuttaporn
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Monvisade, Pathavuth
In this study, we developed dual-cross-linked hydrogel films based on carboxyethyl chitosan (CECS) and sodium alginate (SA), utilizing dialdehyde β-cyclodextrin (DA-βCD) and gluconic acid δ-lactone (GDL) as cross-linkers. Designed as smart wound dressings, the films exhibit pH sensitivity due to the incorporation of carboxyethylated phenol red-grafted chitosan (CS-PR-AA), which allows them to change color from orange to purple in response to pH variations. FT-IR and TGA analyses confirmed the formation of imine bonds and polyelectrolyte complexes, indicating successful cross-linking. The films demonstrated high cell viability, confirming their biocompatibility and nontoxicity. The swelling behavior varied with pH, underscoring their adaptability to different wound environments. Additionally, drug release kinetics were studied for films incorporating diclofenac sodium (DCF) at various pH levels, revealing that the release rate was influenced by cross-linking density and environmental pH. These findings suggest that the dual-cross-linked hydrogel films have significant potential as smart wound dressings, offering controlled drug release and pH-responsive behavior suitable for wound care applications.

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