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Monitoring of organochlorine pesticide residues in school milk and associated health risk assessment in Thailand
(2026-06-01)
Cha-aim, Chatartorn
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Manamoongmongkol, Kanjana
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Nisapai, Wiparat
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Phumjan, Lamphung
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Oomnog, Niroth
School milk products are recognized as an important and affordable food source for Thai people, particularly students. However, milk was classified as an agricultural product in which organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues can be detected due to its fat content. This study investigated the levels of organochlorine pesticides in school milk products, including raw milk, pasteurized milk, and UHT milk, using the QuEChERS method. The fat content of these three types of milk was 3.50%, 3.03%, and 3.33%, respectively. A correlation coefficient (R2) of 0.9953–0.9998 confirmed the validity of the QuEChERS method. The limit of detection (LOD) for each pesticide ranged from 0.003 to 0.0615 mg/kg, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0.010 to 0.2050 mg/kg, with recovery rates of 80.95–110.00%. The analysis for 13 organochlorine pesticide residues, including Aldrin, Cis-Chlordane, Trans-Chlordane, Dieldrin, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, Endrin, Heptachlor, Heptachlor epoxide, alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, and gamma-HCH using a GC–MS, revealed that no residues were detected above the LOQ (0.01 mg/kg) in any samples, indicating compliance with food safety standards. A scenario-based risk assessment using estimated daily intake (EDI) and hazard quotient (HQ) suggested that, although current exposure is negligible, potential risks may arise under worst-case conditions, particularly for aldrin, dieldrin, and heptachlor in high-consumption groups. Overall, school milk products in Thailand are considered safe; however, continuous monitoring and risk assessment remain essential to ensure long-term food safety.
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Comparative physicochemical and rheological properties of tamarind seed xyloglucan from sweet and sour tamarind cultivars for food applications
(2026-06-01)
Julapuk, Punwadee
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Sriprom, Pongsert
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Narkrugsa, Woatthichai
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Phumjan, Lamphung
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Adair, Pornpatu
This study comparatively investigated the physicochemical, structural, and rheological properties of xyloglucan extracted from sweet (Sri Chomphu) and sour (Kradan) tamarind kernel (TKP) cultivated in Thailand to provide insights for industrial applications. The extraction yields were 58.35 ± 0.28% and 57.90 ± 0.37% (w/w) for sweet and sour TKP, respectively. Chemical composition analysis revealed comparable macronutrient profiles between the two samples. FTIR spectra confirmed similar functional groups, while SEM analysis showed amorphous and heterogeneous structures with slight differences in porosity. Molecular weight distribution indicated that sour TKP-derived xyloglucan was dominated by intermediate molecular weight fractions (4.03 × 10⁵ Da, 70.46%), whereas sweet TKP-derived xyloglucan exhibited a broader distribution. These structural differences influenced hydration properties, with sweet xyloglucan showing significantly higher water absorption and solubility (%WAI: 475.02 ± 9.91%; %WSI: 5.62 ± 0.62%) compared to sour xyloglucan (%WAI: 398.81 ± 7.01%; %WSI: 4.81 ± 0.57%). Evaluation of gelling properties revealed that both samples exhibited maximum gel strength at 2% concentration and pH 3, with sour xyloglucan forming stronger gels. Rheological analysis demonstrated non-Newtonian pseudoplastic behavior and dominant elastic characteristics (G′ ' G″), with higher viscosity observed in the sour cultivar. Emulsifying activity and stability were high and showed no significant differences (EA: 93.58–94.87%; ES: 97.94–98.71%). Overall, while cultivar origin had minimal impact on structural and emulsifying properties, it significantly influenced hydration and gelling-related characteristics, supporting the potential of tamarind xyloglucan as a versatile hydrocolloid for food and material applications.
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Optimization of betalain extraction from dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) peel and effect of pH on its properties
(2025-02-01)
Permana, Lasuardi
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Sriprom, Pongsert
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Manamoongmongkol, Kanjana
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Phumjan, Lamphung
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Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
Dragon fruit peels are wastes produced in the food industry and contain abundant phytochemicals. In this study, betalain extraction from dragon fruit peels was optimized using water as a safe and environment-friendly solvent. The Box-Behnken design was used to investigate the effects of different pH (2.0–6.0), temperatures (30–60 °C), times (10–60 min), and solid-to-liquid ratios (1:15–1:40 by weight) on betalain extraction from dragon fruit peels. The betalain extracted under the optimized conditions was then studied for its properties across a wide pH range of 2.0 to 13.0. The results showed that the solid-to-liquid ratio had the most significant effect on betacyanin extraction as the major component of betalain in dragon fruit peels. The optimal extraction conditions were determined to be a pH of 3.6, temperature of 30 °C, extraction time of 10 min, and a solid-to-liquid ratio of 1:15. The expected betacyanin content under these conditions is 72.37 mg/L. A significant change in the CIELAB parameter of the extracted betalain was observed, with marked differences in the L*, a*, and b* values as the pH increased. This color change may be attributed to the degradation of betacyanin into betalamic acid. This study demonstrated the potential of a safe and eco-friendly process for extracting the natural pigment betacyanin from this agricultural waste material and the potential use of betalain in pH-dependent products.
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Study on chemical structure stability and properties of chitosan-incorporated tamarind seed kernel xyloglucan hydrogels
(2024-12-05)
Manamoongmongkol, Kanjana
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Sriprom, Pongsert
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Narkrugsa, Woatthichai
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Phumjan, Lamphung
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Permana, Lasuardi
This study investigated the stability of chitosan-incorporated tamarind seed kernel xyloglucan hydrogels prepared at different ratios after storage for three years. The physical hydrogel samples were studied using ratios of xyloglucan to chitosan between 1.5:1 and 4:1, comparing fresh hydrogel with hydrogel stored for three years. The hydrogels were analyzed for Fourier transform infrared characteristics, rheological behavior, flow rate, and zeta potential. After three years of storage, a reversible reaction was confirmed by C-H molecular stretching using Fourier transform infrared. All hydrogel samples exhibited pseudoplastic fluid characteristics with liquid-like behavior. The zeta potential of fresh hydrogel at 1.5:1 and 4:1 ratios was 27.700 ± 0.964 mV and 22.633 ± 0.929 mV, respectively, whereas after three years, it became 28.067 ± 1.106 mV and 18.867 ± 0.503 mV, respectively. The amount of xyloglucan significantly affected the zeta potential of the xyloglucan-chitosan hydrogel, leading to a decrease in the stability of the hydrogel at a 4:1 ratio. The stability of the hydrogel at a ratio of 1.5:1 was confirmed by pH and zeta potential measurements. In conclusion, the properties and behavior of the xyloglucan-chitosan hydrogel remained stable after three years of storage at a 1.5:1 ratio.
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Activated carbon derived from Mahachanok mango seeds as a potential material to delay the ripening of mangoes
(2024-12-01)
Sriprom, Pongsert
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Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
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Kraijan, Phornwimon
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Laonork, Siraphob
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Rodmee, Apiwat
The mango processing industry in Thailand generates significant waste, with over 60 % consisting of mango seed. Mahachanok mango seeds, a by-product of mango processing, can be processed into highly porous activated carbon with potential application in agricultural and food preservation. This study investigated the potential of activated carbon derived from Mahachanok mango seeds on delaying the ripening of Nam Dok Mai mangoes. The activated carbon was prepared through a two steps process: biochar preparation followed by activation using KMnO<inf>4</inf>. The morphology of activated carbon was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area, and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The optimal carbonization temperature was determined, and the activated carbon was applied to mango storage. The mango ripening was assessed by measuring weight loss, total color difference (ΔE), firmness, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), and TSS/TA ratio as a ripening level indicator. The optimal carbonization temperature was found to be 500 °C, yielding 25.47 % activated carbon with iodine number of 361.77 mg I<inf>2</inf>/g AC. The activated surface carbon contained hydroxyl and manganyl groups, with a BET-surface area of 0.649 m2/g. Mangoes stored with 10 g of synthesized activated carbon exhibited the best delay in ripening, extending the ripening process by five days compared to the control. On the 8th day of storage, mangoes became early ripe with firmness and TSS/TA values for 10 g of synthesized activated carbon were 0.467 N/mm and 22.35, respectively (p < 0.05). The TSS/TA ratio indicated that this treatment effectively maintained mango quality for up to 14 days of storage. Activated carbon derived from Mahachanok mango seed shows promising results in delaying mango ripening, especially when used at 10 g dosage. This approach utilized food processing waste to create a valuable product for post-harvest handling, potentially improving the freshness of exported fruit.
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Organochlorine pesticide residues persist throughout the sugar production process
(2024-01-01)
Janjamroon, Wilailak
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Sriprom, Pongsert
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Kaewlaoyoong, Acharee
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Cheruiyot, Nicholas Kiprotich
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Permana, Lasuardi
Thailand, one of the world's largest sugarcane producers, has historically used organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) extensively in its plantations. Therefore, OCP residues are anticipated in plantation soil. However, the persistence of these compounds during sugar production is ambiguous. Thus, this study investigated the OCP residues in sugarcane at the different processing stages. Five product samples, i.e., sugarcane juice, bagasse, raw sugar, granulated white sugar, and molasses were obtained from different regions in Thailand. High concentrations of p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT), γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH or lindane), and cyclodiene derivatives such as aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and its epoxide were found in the samples. This is surprising because the OCP use in sugarcane plantations has been long banned in Thailand. Bagasse and raw sugar had the highest total OCP concentrations of 1.0393 ± 0.7555 mg/kg and 0.9658 ± 0.8209 mg/kg, followed by white sugar (0.1616 ± 0.1311 mg/kg), molasses (0.0813 ± 0.1195 mg/kg), and sugarcane juice (0.0173 ± 0.0112 mg/kg). This study offers comprehensive information on the fate of OCPs during the entire sugarcane processing stage, from the cane to the final granulated sugar. The findings also suggest persistent OCP presence in plantation soil, possibly due to illegal use.
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Characterization and Self-Cleaning Properties of Silk Fabric Coated by Chitosan-Xyloglucan/nano-TiO2 Composite Film
(2024-01-01)
Lampang, Chaiyawat Na
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Sriprom, Pongsert
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Manamoongmongkol, Kanjana
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Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
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Narkrugsa, Woatthichai
In this study, Chitosan-Xyloglucan encapsulated Titanium dioxide was prepared by in-situ method for coating Silk fabric. FT-IR XRD characterized the functional groups and formation of crystallization of composite film. SEM analysis showed the immobilization of composite film on the surface of silk fabric. The coated silk fabrics were stained with methylene blue, and the stain removal efficiency was evaluated. The results showed that the composite film was deposited onto the silk fabric. The functional groups showed peaks around 1635 to 1636 and 400 to 500 cm-1 that indicate the presence of C=N groups of Chitosan-Xyloglucan and Ti-O groups of TiO<inf>2</inf> on the composite, respectively. The XRD results indicated that the TiO<inf>2</inf> prepared by the sol-gel method was an anatase crystalline structure. The mechanical properties showed the composite film was superior to the Chitosan-Xyloglucan, TiO<inf>2</inf>, and uncoated silk fabric. Finally, the methylene blue degradation capability was investigated. The coated silk fabric has insignificantly removing methylene blue stain than the untreated silk fabric, but it is noticeably repellent to stain.
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Preparation, characterization, and antimicrobial activity of xyloglucan-chitosan film from tamarind (tamarind indica L.) seed kernel
(2023-06-01)
Adair, Pornpatu
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Sriprom, Pongsert
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Narkrugsa, Woatthichai
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Phumjan, Lamphung
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Manamoongmongkol, Kanjana
Xyloglucan from tamarind seed kernel powder and chitosan were prepared using acetic acid as an oxidizing agent to form a xyloglucan-chitosan film. This study evaluated the properties of xyloglucan-chitosan films with different loading ratios of xyloglucan using various analytical tools. The covalent bonds formed by the oxidized xyloglucan and chitosan were confirmed by FTIR analysis. Morphological analysis using SEM indicated the formation of a conventional covalent bond in the xyloglucan-chitosan film. The water vapor transmission rate in the xyloglucan-chitosan film was reduced significantly with increasing xyloglucan ratio. Conversely, the increase in the xyloglucan ratio improved the film's mechanical properties (tensile strength = 1.84 ± 0.06a MPa, elongation at break = 22.47 ± 0.65a %). Furthermore, due to the antimicrobial activity of chitosan, the xyloglucan-chitosan film exhibits intense antimicrobial activity. Therefore, the xyloglucan-chitosan film demonstrated good properties for biodegradable food packaging.
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Production of antimicrobial film-reinforced purified cellulose derived from bamboo shoot shell
(2023-06-01)
Manamoongmongkol, Kanjana
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Sriprom, Pongsert
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Phumjan, Lamphung
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Permana, Lasuardi
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Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
In this paper aimed to enhance the mechanical properties of an antimicrobial film by incorporating purified cellulose obtained from bamboo shoot shells into a chitosan matrix. Films with varying amounts of cellulose (0%w/v, 0.2%w/v, and 0.4%w/v) were investigated. Results indicated that the chitosan film reinforced 0.4%w/v cellulose exhibited higher tensile strength (43.50 MPa) and elongation at break (39.40 %) compared to the film without cellulose (34.47 MPa, 18.27 %). Additionally, the film with 0.4%w/v cellulose showed antimicrobial activity against B. cereus (MIC 12.5 mg/mL), S. aureus (MIC 6.25 mg/mL), E. coli (MIC 6.25 mg/mL), and exhibited 68.67 % inhibition of Fusarium oxysporum. Due to its biodegradability, favorable mechanical properties, and strong antimicrobial ability, the cellulose-chitosan film presents a promising alternative to be applied in the food industry, such as in packaging of dried food or as a coating film.
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Production of Cellulose From Bamboo Shoot Shell Using Hydrothermal Technique
(2021-01-01)
Manamoongmongkol, Kanjana
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Suwapanich, Rachit
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Phumjan, Lamphung
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Narkrugsa, Woatthichai
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Sriprom, Pongsert
The preparation and characterization of purified cellulose from bamboo shoot shell were studied using fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The preparation of cellulose fiber included extraction of cellulose from bamboo shoot shell by treatment with 5 % NaOH and 4 % H2O2, and purification of cellulose fiber using hydrothermal technique. The result showed that cellulose has been successfully extracted at a 32.56% yield by the 5% NaOH / 4% H2O2 treatment, and the purified cellulose was produced using autoclaving at the temperature of 120°C and pressure at 0.1 MPa for 2 h 5 min, with the % recovery of purified cellulose around 94.08. Bamboo shoot shell and cellulose sample were further characterized using FTIR technique. It was found that the 5% NaOH / 4% H2O2 treatment eliminated lignin and hemicellulose from bamboo shoot shell but did not affect cellulose. The hydrothermal technique did not affect the destruction of the cellulose structure as well. Comparison of the SEM image showed that cellulose was separated into individual microfibers after the 5% NaOH / 4% H2O2 treatment while the SEM image of purified cellulose was the small thread-like fibers with smoother surface. Therefore, hydrothermal treatment can be performed for purification of cellulose.

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