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Optimization of Feed Formulation, Feeding Rate, and Plant-Based Supplements for Efficient Rearing of the Superworm Zophobas morio (Fabricius) Under Tropical Conditions
(2026-02-01)
Pumnuan, Jarongsak
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Prachom, Noratat
;
Kramchote, Somsak
Insects are increasingly recognized as sustainable protein sources due to their high feed conversion efficiency and low environmental impact. Among them, the superworm, Zophobas morio (Fabricius) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), has strong potential for large-scale production; however, optimized feeding strategies under tropical conditions remain limited. This study aimed (1) to determine the optimal feed formulations and feeding rate using wheat bran supplemented with the KMITL Protein Innovation source (a protein feed ingredient developed by the School of Agricultural Technology, King Mongkut’s Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, KMITL), and (2) evaluate the influence of plant-based supplementary foods on larval performance. In Phase I, larvae were reared on 13 formulations with three protein levels (CP00, CP21, and CP24) and five feeding rates (A–E). Diets CP21–21 and CP24–21 (21 and 24% CP; wheat bran/protein = 2:1) resulted in the highest survival (83.4–84.1%) and the lowest feed conversion ratios (FCR = 2.29–2.34). Moderate feeding rates (C–D; 925–1110 g feed per tray for 50 days) produced the greatest larval weights (700–760 mg), whereas ad libitum feeding provided no additional benefit. In Phase II, larvae reared on CP21–21 with a restricted rate of 1100 g per tray and supplemented with ten plant-derived foods achieved comparable final weights (716–760 mg), but survival varied significantly among treatments. Mulberry leaf yielded the highest survival (95.3%), followed by banana, watermelon rind, winter melon, and jicama (>90%). Pumpkin and jicama accelerated pupation and adult emergence, showing a female-biased sex ratio among emerged adults (59.2–65.5%), suggesting enhanced developmental rates. These results establish a practical framework for cost-effective and sustainable Z. morio production under tropical conditions, contributing to circular bioeconomy strategies and supporting insect-protein innovation.
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The Effects of Hormone Diets with Different 17β-Estradiol Levels on Growth and Feminization in Long-Whiskered Catfish (Mystus gulio) Larvae Using Conventional and Microencapsulated Feed
(2026-01-01)
Dokkaew, Sahabhop
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Songdum, Kritchavat
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Prachom, Noratat
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Boonyung, Wiwiththanon
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Kitikiew, Suwaree
Feminization is an important biotechnological approach in aquaculture for species in which females exhibit superior growth and higher market value. The long-whiskered catfish (Mystus gulio), a euryhaline species cultivated in both monoculture and co-culture systems, contributes to sustainable aquaculture by grazing on uneaten feed and maintaining pond cleanliness. This study evaluated the effects of dietary 17β-estradiol (E2) at 0, 10, 30, and 60 mg/kg, incorporated into conventional and microencapsulated feeds, on the feminization and early growth of M. gulio larvae. Treatments were administered during the weaning stage for 14 and 21 days under controlled rearing conditions. Results showed that larvae fed microencapsulated feed containing 60 mg/kg E2 achieved the highest specific growth rate (26.91 ± 1.92%/day), feed efficiency (164.76 ± 33.23%), and feminization success (99.73 ± 0.04%). Hormonal assays confirmed elevated estradiol and reduced testosterone levels, consistent with ovarian development observed in histological sections. Gene expression analysis further supported these findings through the significant upregulation of cyp19a, erb1, and erb2 mRNA levels. Overall, this study demonstrates that microencapsulated hormone feeding is an effective and environmentally responsible strategy for achieving monosex female populations in M. gulio, enhancing productivity, reproductive performance, and sustainability in aquaculture systems.
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Effects of Substituting the Two-Spotted Cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) Meal for Fish Meal on Growth Performances and Digestibility of Striped Snakehead (Channa striata) Juveniles
(2023-02-01)
Prachom, Noratat
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Yuangsoi, Bundit
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Pumnuan, Jarongsak
;
Ashour, Mohamed
;
Davies, Simon J.
This study aimed to investigate the potential of using field two-spotted cricket Gryllus bimaculatus as the main protein source in fish feed for striped snakehead (Channa striata) juveniles. A 10-week feeding effect on growth performance, feed utilization, digestibility of major nutrients, including amino acids, and physiological outputs of nitrogen and phosphorus were determined. A total of 225 C. striata juvenile fish (Initial weight, 15.0 ± 0.1 g) were randomly distributed into three dietary groups in triplicate (25 fish per rectangular aquarium within a semi-recirculating system). Each group was hand-fed one of the experimental diets containing the graded level of a cricket meal (CM) replacing 0%, 50%, and 100% (CM<inf>0%</inf>, CM<inf>50%</inf>, and CM<inf>100%</inf>, respectively) of fish meal (FM) protein component. The results showed that growth performance and protein retention tended to increase with increasing dietary CM levels, whereas the waste outputs of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) decreased. Apparent net protein utilization (ANPU) and P retention values increased with increasing levels of cricket meal inclusion level in the diet. There was a significant reduction in both N and P solid waste and dissolved waste output for snakehead with increased CM inclusion. There were significant effects of CM level on fish whole-body composition in terms of elevated protein and fat content. In conclusion, the CM is a viable alternative protein source for aquaculture feeds and can be included up to 100% as a replacement for FM without compromising the growth performance of striped snakehead Channa striata juveniles. This may also have a more favorable impact, with the potential to reduce N and P loading to the environment.
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Replacement of Fish Meal Protein with Giant Worm (Zophobas morio) and Black Cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) in Diet of Cobia (Rachycentron canadum)
(2022-01-01)
Chainark, Pitchaya
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Prachom, Noratat
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Boonyoung, Suttisak
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Yuangsoi, Bundit
Replacement of fish meal with alternative protein ingredients is becoming increasingly important in aquaculture diets. In the present study, giant worm (Zophobas morio) and black cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) were used to replace fish meal in diets of cobia (Rachycentron canadum). Cobia fingerlings, with average initial weight 80.84±0.65 g, were fed for eight weeks with three diets: basal diet (100% fish meal as the main protein ingredient), 30 % replacement of fish meal with giant worm meal, and 30 % replacement with black cricket meal. The results showed that the apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (63.2-69.1 %) and crude protein (83.9-88.1 %) of cobia were not significantly different (p>0.05) among the three diets. No significant difference in growth was observed among treatments (p>0.05); the average final weight of the experimental fish ranged between 113.11±3.67 and 120.01± 2.89 g, and average specific growth rate ranged between 0.53±0.06 and 0.61±0.04 %. Similar results were revealed for feed conversion ratio (1.16±0.07-1.21±0.05) and survival rate (100 %), wherein no significant (p>0.05) differences were observed among treatments. Therefore, the present results clearly demonstrate that giant worm meal and black cricket meal can be used to replace fish meal in cobia diets, at least at 30 % replacement.
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Enhanced hydrocarbon production and improved biodiesel qualities of Botryococcus braunii KMITL 5 by vitamins thiamine, biotin and cobalamin supplementation
(2018-01-01)
Ruangsomboon, Suneerat
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Sornchai, Piyanuch
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Prachom, Noratat
Botryococcus braunii, a green microalga which is a potentially good biodiesel feedstock, was isolated from a freshwater fish pond in Bangkok, and the effects of B-vitamins—thiamine, biotin and cobalamin as well as their mixes—on its biomass, hydrocarbon production, carbohydrate content and biodiesel properties were investigated, using a control group that was not supplemented with any vitamins. The addition of thiamine increased the alga's biomass and hydrocarbon content, whereas addition of biotin, cobalamin and mixes of all three vitamins did not increase its hydrocarbon content. Among the vitamins tested, thiamine 150 μg L− 1 was the best for producing high biomass (2.08 ± 0.07 g L− 1), hydrocarbon content (37.29 ± 0.41%), hydrocarbon yield (0.77 ± 0.03 g L− 1) and hydrocarbon productivity (90.32 ± 3.05 mg L− 1 d− 1). Maximum carbohydrate content (386 ± 39 mg g− 1) was achieved by addition of 1 μg L− 1 cobalamin. Compared to the control group, the alga cultured in media supplemented with 100 μg L− 1 thiamine showed better biodiesel properties with lower iodine value (76.42 g I<inf>2</inf> 100 g− 1), cold filter plugging point (9.90 °C) and higher cetane number (54.30). Therefore, thiamine was shown to be a promising culture medium supplement for this strain for using it as a feedstock for biodiesel production. An investigation of vitamin B-related gene in B. braunii KMITL 5 found related genes for thiamine (thi), biotin (bioB and bioF) and cobalamin (metE and metH) vitamins, which are marks of vitamin autotrophy in algae.
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Enhanced growth and hydrocarbon production of Botryococcus braunii KMITL 2 by optimum carbon dioxide concentration and concentration-dependent effects on its biochemical composition and biodiesel properties
(2017-01-01)
Ruangsomboon, Suneerat
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Prachom, Noratat
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Sornchai, Piyanast
The purposes of this study were to find the optimum level of supplementing CO<inf>2</inf> for increasing the biomass and hydrocarbon production of B. braunii KMITL 2 (A race) and to determine the effects of CO<inf>2</inf> level on CO<inf>2</inf> fixation and biodiesel properties. The experimental results showed that the alga supplemented with 10% CO<inf>2</inf> produced the highest biomass (1.48 ± 0.02 g L−1) and CO<inf>2</inf> fixation rate (100.43 ± 1.42 mg L−1 d−1) that were 2.7 and 5.3 times higher than the control (0.04% CO<inf>2</inf>). The gravimetric hydrocarbon content (36.82 ± 3.39%) and hydrocarbon titer (0.35 ± 0.03 g L−1) of the alga supplemented with 5% CO<inf>2</inf> were 1.6 and 2.7 times higher than the control. Cultivation of this strain under 5% CO<inf>2</inf> gave the highest hydrocarbon yield and good biodiesel properties with the lowest iodine value and a higher CN value than the ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 fuel standards.

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