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Schizophyllan Optimization and Production in Submerged Cultures of Different Schizophyllum commune Isolates Collected in Thailand
(2026-05-01)
Chaimongkol, Soravit
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Yingkulchao, Wittayothin
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Rungjindamai, Nattawut
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Toan, Nguyen Tai
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Werapan, Borworn
Twenty strains of Schizophyllum commune from the BIOTEC culture collection were selected for this study. S. commune is characterized by white to gray fan-shaped caps with lobed margins and distinctive split gills. Phylogenetic analysis of combined LSU rDNA and ITS rDNA sequences data using maximum parsimony placed the fungi in a strongly supported clade with S. commune. All strains were primarily screened for exopolysaccharide (EPS) and biomass production using potato dextrose broth (PDB) and peptone yeast glucose medium (PYGM) in 250 mL flasks shaken at 200 rpm for 7 days. The results revealed three strains with high EPS production, each exceeding 2.3 g/L, namely MMCR00487, MMCR00474 and MMCR00256. These strains were selected for media optimization using a Plackett–Burman design. Among them, MMCR00256 exhibited the highest EPS yield of 8.34 ± 1.47 g/L, followed by MMCR00487 and MMCR00474. Therefore, the strain MMCR00256 was further optimized by central composite design. The results revealed that the optimized medium for MMCR00256 increased the production of EPS to 10.39 ± 1.69 g/L, with a biomass yield of 26.28 ± 1.63 g/L (395 mg/g). The 5 L bioreactor optimization tested two inoculum types (mycelial and pellet) and two media (CCD and estimated) using strain MMCR00256. The mycelial inoculum grown in the estimated medium produced the highest EPS yield of 8.37 ± 0.26 g/L after 3 days, with 13.56 ± 2.94 g/L biomass. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that S. commune MMCR00256, when cultivated using the estimated medium and mycelial inoculum, can achieve enhanced exopolysaccharide production with improved efficiency, highlighting its significant potential for the development of efficient and scalable schizophyllan production processes at the industrial scale. Furthermore, this study provides essential insights into the cultivation and optimization of schizophyllan in S. commune.
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Efficacy of biopesticides and fungicides against brown rot on cherry (Prunus avium) and plum (Prunus domestica)
(2025-01-01)
Rungjindamai, Nattawut
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Jeffries, Peter
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Xu, Xiangming
Cherry and plum are prone to brown rot diseases. Synthetic fungicides are still the main management tool to control brown rot but there is a need to develop eco-friendly methods. Five commercial biopesticides including BioPK (Trichoderma viride, T. harzianum and T. longibranchum), BoniProtect (Aureobasidium pullulans), Trianum (T. harzianum), PreStop (Gliocladium catenulatum) and Serenade (Bacillus subtilis) along with Indar (fenbuconazole, a synthetic fungicide) were tested against Monilinia laxa which products applied before and after pathogen inoculation. Indar completely inhibited brown rot development. Serenade partially inhibited M. laxa when applied before pathogen inoculation. The efficacy of two indigenous strains (B. subtilis B91 and A. pullulans Y126) were evaluated under ambient conditions or 1°C; Indar and Serenade were used as control treatments. Cherry and plum were first treated with specific products, then wounded and inoculated with M. laxa. Indar completely inhibited M. laxa under both conditions. Under ambient conditions, only B91 reduced the incidence of disease. When stored at 1°C for 4 weeks, all biocontrol treatments reduced the incidence of disease. However, when fruits were left under ambient conditions for an additional 1 week, the incidence of disease did not differ between treatments. Post-harvest application of biopesticides under 1°C was studied with Rovral used as a control. Cherry and plum were submerged into individual treatments and stored at 1°C for 6 weeks. Rovral reduced the incidence of disease, whilst all biopesticides did not. In conclusion, Serenade, B91 and Y126 can partially inhibit M. laxa when applied before pathogen infection. The present study supports that these biocontrol proeducts should be used pre-harvest to reduce the extent of fruit latent infection by M. laxa, and an effective post-harvest cold chain management should be implemented to delay/minimise rot development.
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Multi-locus molecular phylogenetic analysis reveals four new species and a new record of Ophiocordyceps (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales) on dipteran hosts in Thailand
(2025-01-01)
Mongkolsamrit, Suchada
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Thanakitpipattana, Donnaya
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Noisripoom, Wasana
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Tasanathai, Kanoksri
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Liangsiri, Kanraya
During field surveys conducted in various regions of Thailand, several fungal specimens parasitising flies were discovered. These fungi exhibited morphological characteristics consistent with the broad concept of Ophiocordyceps dipterigena, including yellow to orange-brown cylindrical stromata bearing fertile ascomata at the tip. Multi-locus phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, LSU, TEF1, and RPB2 sequences revealed that these specimens belong to a well-supported monophyletic clade, referred to as the 'O. dipterigena' complex, which forms a distinct subclade within the hymenostilboid clade. This complex comprises four newly described species with clearly defined host associations: O. floriformis, found on robber flies (Asilidae), particularly on Clephydroneura sp.; O. muscae, isolated from the housefly (Musca domestica); O. tabani, parasitising horse flies (Tabanus sp.); and O. thilosuensis, infecting fruit flies (Anastrepha obliqua) and soldier flies (Sarginae). Additionally, several strains clustered with the previously described O. philippinensis, which was also collected from Clephydroneura sp. This marks the first record of O. philippinensis in Thailand.
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Utilization of Agricultural Waste for the Cultivation of Pleurotus Mushrooms in Thailand
(2024-06-01)
Rungjindamai, Nattawut
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Trakunjarunkit, Kittipong
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Posalee, Thanutcha
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Limpanya, Duangkamol
Thailand is one of the major agricultural production countries in the world. Therefore, large amounts of agricultural waste are generated as by-products of the agroindustry. The wastes are usually discarded or burnt, resulting in environmental pollution. The main goal of this research was to evaluate the use of agricultural waste for mushroom cultivation. A total of 15 mushroom isolates were recovered from mother spawns and basidiocarps. They were screened for their cellulolytic enzyme activity on Czapek agar using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the sole carbon source. Two isolates of the oyster mushrooms, Pleurotus pulmonarius PP6 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO3, produced the best enzyme activities. To observe the mycelial growth on agricultural waste, the two oyster mushroom candidates were cultured in jars containing five different types of agricultural waste: corn husk, rice straw, coconut meal, coconut husk and sugarcane bagasse, and the jars were incubated at 25°C for six weeks. The results show that both isolates grew best on coconut meal, producing very densely packed mycelia. Meanwhile, corn husk and rice straw were also good sources for oyster mushroom cultivation. This study shows that these three substrates have the potential to be utilized in mushroom cultivation on a commercial scale.
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Fabrication of mycelium (oyster mushroom)-based composites derived from spent coffee grounds with pineapple fibre reinforcement
(2024-01-01)
Kohphaisansombat, Chatchai
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Jongpipitaporn, Yanisa
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Laoratanakul, Pitak
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Tantipaibulvut, Sukon
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Euanorasetr, Jirayut
Mycelium-based composites (MBCs) are eco-friendly materials made by combining mushroom mycelia with lignocellulosic biomass, offering diverse applications such as packaging and construction. The specific characteristics of MBCs can be significantly influenced by the choice of substrates and reinforcing materials during myco-fabrication. This study aims to improve MBCs sourced from Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster mushroom) using spent coffee grounds (SCGs) as the main substrate, combined with natural pineapple fibres (NPFs). NPFs are incorporated to SCGs in different proportions (10% to 30%) to explore their potential in improving the material properties of MBCs. The findings demonstrate that the mechanical properties of MBCs, as well as the physical and chemical properties, can be altered by manipulating the proportion of NPFs. The MBCs reinforced with 10% NPFs exhibit the highest density and compressive strength, while the MBC with 30% NPFs outperforms others in terms of bending strength, water absorption, swelling, and sound absorption. Furthermore, a fire resistance test affirms the non-combustible properties of the MBC made of SCGs and NPFs, thereby demonstrating its safety features. These MBCs, made from oyster mushroom, embody a hopeful substitute for product creation and production in relation to practical usage, eco-friendly manufacturing techniques, and recyclability throughout its lifecycle.
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Why Are There So Few Basidiomycota and Basal Fungi as Endophytes? A Review
(2024-01-01)
Rungjindamai, Nattawut
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Jones, E. B.Gareth
A review of selected studies on fungal endophytes confirms the paucity of Basidiomycota and basal fungi, with almost 90% attributed to Ascomycota. Reasons for the low number of Basidiomycota and basal fungi, including the Chytridiomycota, Mucoromycota, and Mortierellomycota, are advanced, including isolation procedure and media, incubation period and the slow growth of basidiomycetes, the identification of non-sporulating isolates, endophyte competition, and fungus–host interactions. We compare the detection of endophytes through culture-dependent methods and culture-independent methods, the role of fungi on senescence of the host plant, and next-generation studies.
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Characteristics and Antioxidant Activities of Kombucha from Black Tea and Roselle by a Mixed Starter Culture
(2023-12-29)
Sutthiphatkul, Tanyarat
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Mangmool, Supachoke
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Rungjindamai, Nattawut
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Ochaikul, Duangjai
Kombucha is a functional beverage fermented by the symbiosis of bacteria and yeasts and is comprised mainly of bioactive compounds and acids that have beneficial health effects. Our research aimed to determine the optimal ratio of co-culture of the bacterium Acetobacter pasteurianus AJ605 and the yeast Zygosaccharomyces bailii YN403 for kombucha fermentation in order to improve the consistency of kombucha quality so that it can be mass produced. Microbial growth, chemical characteristics, and antioxidant activities of kombucha during fermentation were analyzed. The results showed that a co-culture ratio of 8:2 (v/v) of A. pasteurianus AJ605 and Z. bailii YN403 gave the highest antioxidant activity after 10 days of fermentation, with a DPPH IC<inf>50</inf> value of 25.76 µl/mL and an ABTS IC<inf>50</inf> value of 8.84 µl/mL. The co-culture ratio of 8:2 showed antioxidant activity that was not significantly different (p>0.05) from that of SCOBY (symbiotic culture of bacteria and yeasts) alone. Additionally, during fermentation, the pH of kombucha decreased to 3.16, with increases in titratable acidity and alcohol content of 7.00 g/L and 7.96 g/L, respectively. To enhance the antioxidant activity and taste quality of kombucha, black tea and roselle were mixed at various ratios and inoculated with 10% (v/v) optimal co-culture. The results showed that a high antioxidant activity was obtained using an 8:2 (w/w) ratio of black tea and roselle, at day 10 of fermentation, with a DPPH IC<inf>50</inf> value of 23.88 µl/mL and ABTS IC<inf>50</inf> value of 6.11 µl/mL. Moreover, the results indicate that kombucha from black tea and roselle can be a functional beverage that has high antioxidant activity and sensory acceptability.
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Unravelling the hidden diversity of cave mycobiota in Thailand’s Satun Geopark
(2023-12-01)
Suetrong, Satinee
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Preedanon, Sita
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Kobmoo, Noppol
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Srihom, Charisa
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Somrithipol, Sayanh
Karst caves are distinctive ecosystems that have limited nutrients, darkness, low to moderate temperatures, and high moisture levels, which allow for a diverse range of fungal communities to thrive. Despite their significance, little is understood about the fungi found in karst caves in Thailand. In 2019, we studied the cultured mycobiota from five substrate types (air, water, rock, soil/sediment, and organic debris) in two karst caves (Le Stegodon and Phu Pha Phet Caves) of the Satun UNESCO Global Geopark, southern Thailand. A cumulative count of 829 distinct fungal morphological types was identified, encompassing 319 fungal culturable were observed. Based on preliminary analyses of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequence using BLAST searches, the most common phylum among the fungal morphotypes was Ascomycota, harboring 282 species in 91 genera, 93.4% of which were distributed in the classes Eurotiomycetes, Sordariomycetes, and Dothideomycetes. The most common fungal genera identified in the two karst caves were Aspergillus, Penicillium, Cladosporium, Talaromyces, Xylaria, and Trichoderma, with 45, 41, 24, 14, 14, and 6 species identified, respectively. Discovering fungi in Thai karst caves highlights the extensive fungal diversity in the Satun UNESCO Global Geopark, implying undiscovered species, and emphasizing the need for comprehensive investigations in other unexplored Thai karst caves.
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A Study of Oyster Mushrooms for Producing Cellulase Enzyme
(2022-09-01)
Numsiri, Jirapornpong
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Khithen, Teerawat
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Sukkasem, Apiwat
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Rungjindamai, Nattawut
The objective of this research was to study three species of Pleurotus spp., are widely consumed edible mushrooms, consisting of P. sajor-caju, P. ostreatus and P. cystidiosus. Basidiocarp and spawn on sorghum seeds were collected from seven provinces in Central and Eastern of Thailand. Thirteen isolates were recovered from 15 samples which include P. sajor-caju, P. ostreatus and P. cystidiosus for 5, 6 and 2 isolates, respectively. The studies of their growth rates and enzymatic capability were performed on potato dextrose ager (PDA) and Czapek Dox Agar mixed with 1% carboxymethyl cellulose (CZ+CMC), respectively. Both media were incubated at 25ºC for seven days. The three most potential isolates were selected including P. sajor-caju PS5, P. ostreatus PO7 and P. cystidiosus PC1. Therefore, these mushrooms have potential for development in the future. Because they can grow rapidly and produce cellulase effectively.
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Ophiocordyceps asiana and Ophiocordyceps tessaratomidarum (Ophiocordycipitaceae, Hypocreales), two new species on stink bugs from Thailand
(2021-03-01)
Khao-ngam, Srikhun
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Mongkolsamrit, Suchada
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Rungjindamai, Nattawut
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Noisripoom, Wasana
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Pooissarakul, Wuttikorn
Two new Ophiocordyceps species from Thailand, which belong to Ophiocordyceps nutans species complex and attack adult and nymph of stink bugs, are described: Ophiocordyceps asiana and O. tessaratomidarum. Molecular phylogenetic analyses of ITS and a combined sequence data of LSU, RPB1 and TEF1 revealed that these two new species are distinct from other known species in Ophiocordyceps nutans species complex. Based on the findings on morphological studies, they further support the naming of these two novel species. Ophiocordyceps asiana is parasitic on adult and nymph stink bugs, members of Coreidae and Pentatomidae which were recorded from China, Japan and Thailand, while O. tessaratomidarum is reported from Thailand for the first time and is only found as a parasite on adult stink bug, Tessaratoma papillosa (Tessaratomidae, Hemiptera). The fertile heads of O. asiana are shorter than reported for O. tessaratomidarum, and the colours of fertile heads producing teleomorph of these two species differs from each other by having strong reddish orange or light yellowish pink in O. asiana and pale yellow in O. tessaratomidarum.

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