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AN OPEN-SOURCE INTRUSION DETECTION AND NOTIFICATION FRAMEWORK FOR OT ATTACKS TARGETING S7-SERIES PLCS
(2026-06-01)
Smerpitak, Krit
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Saleethong, Chayangkun
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Suphapod, Tanawat
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Wongkharn, Siripong
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Julsereewong, Amphawan
This article presents an open-source intrusion detection and notification (IDN) framework designed to detect attacks targeting Siemens S7-series programmable logic controllers (PLCs) in operational technology (OT) environments. The framework is validated using a simulated weight-based sorting system developed in Factory I/O, with TIA Portal control programs deployed on S7-300, S7-1200, and S7-1500 PLCs. Suricata serves as the core intrusion detection engine, while the Elasticsearch, Logstash, and Kibana (ELK) stack and LINE Notify are integrated to visualize alerts and provide realtime operator notifications. Simulated attacks are carried out using Snap7 to interact with each PLC during live process operations. The experimental results show that the framework reliably detects intrusions across all tested S7 PLC models and delivers timely alerts, demonstrating its effectiveness for real-time monitoring and incident response. In contrast to previous studies that focus primarily on protocol analysis or on individual PLC types, this work offers a practical and scalable intrusion detection solution validated on real hardware and designed to accommodate the coexistence of legacy and modern controllers within OT systems.
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Improving Accuracy in Image-Recognition Systems with Techniques for Handling Similar-Looking Items in Inventory Management
(2025-01-01)
Smerpitak, Krit
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Kummool, Sart
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Asadi, Farzin
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Ar-Karachaiphong, Chitsanuwit
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Sopha, Watcharapon
Inventory management is crucial for businesses dealing with many visually similar items. This paper presents the development of an automated board game detection system utilizing computer vision and deep learning to enhance the accuracy and efficiency of tracking visually similar inventory. The dataset used to train the model was collected using a Pi Camera Module 3 mounted on a Raspberry Pi 5, ensuring consistency in captured images. To improve the model's performance, images were annotated using CVAT, and dataset augmentation was applied using Augmentations, incorporating transformations such as flipping, brightness adjustment, blurring, and noise addition. These augmentations allowed the model to learn and differentiate board games under varying environmental conditions accurately. The selected model was YOLOv8m, chosen for its balance between accuracy and computational efficiency. The model was trained for 20 epochs using a learning rate of 0.0005, a batch size of 12, and augmentation techniques such as Mosaic and MixUp. Additionally, overfitting prevention techniques including early stopping, dropout, and weight decay were applied. After training, the model was converted into the ONNX format to optimize it for deployment on embedded devices and then uploaded to the Raspberry Pi 5 for realworld testing. The system was evaluated on 10 visually similar or small-sized board games, with 10 tests per game, totaling 100 trials. The results showed that the model successfully classified all board games without a single error. Moreover, these findings demonstrate that the proposed system effectively identify board games with high accuracy while maintaining real-Time processing capability. The use of data augmentation and model optimization significantly improved object classification performance, making it a promising approach for inventory management in board game cafes and similar environments.
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Toward Interoperable SCADA: Node-RED-Based Edge Integration of Heterogeneous PLCs and IoT Devices
(2025-01-01)
Smerpitak, Krit
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Kaewchaiwong, Sattachai
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Ukakimaparn, Prapart
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Julsereewong, Amphawan
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Pongswatd, Sawai
This article presents a novel approach to supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) design that emphasizes interoperability through edge integration, using Node-RED as an open-source programming platform deployed on an industrial edge computer. The proposed architecture integrates multiple-vendor programmable logic controllers (PLCs) and an Internet of Things (IoT) gateway at the edge layer to enable seamless interoperability across local control systems. A lab-scale case study demonstrates the feasibility of this integration, featuring four remote terminal units (RTUs) communicating concurrently with a SIMATIC IPC327G edge computer via standard protocols. Specifically, a SIMATIC S7-1200 (RTU-1), MELSEC iQ-F FX5U (RTU-2), and CompactLogix 1769-L30ER (RTU-3) control an object sorting station, a parcel sorting station, a water temperature control station, respectively, while a UG65 gateway (RTU-4) enables bidirectional data transfer between the edge computer and LoRaWAN devices. The inclusion of InfluxDB alongside Node-RED supports data logging and reporting functionalities. By distributing protocol translation, data processing, and shop-floor supervisory control to the edge layer, the architecture achieves real-time, vendor-neutral data orchestration while maintaining compatibility with a higher-level SCADA master terminal unit (MTU) or cloud system. Experimental results from both functional and performance testing confirm the system’s viability as a cost-effective, vendor-agnostic solution for modern industrial automation, offering a scalable model for multi-protocol industrial environments.
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Partial Discharge Characteristics of MV Switchgear Using TEV and HFCT Sensors
(2024-01-01)
Kingkham, Sukanya
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Smerpitak, Krit
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Inwanna, Woranan
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Jeenmuang, Siwakorn
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Buranaaudsawakul, Techatat
This paper presents partial discharge (PD) experiments for a medium voltage (MV) switchgear. Various types of defects were simulated i.e., corona discharge, surface discharge, and floating discharge inside the simulated MV switchgear. The transient earth voltage (TEV) was employed as a PD sensor to acquire the PD signals generated by the simulated PD defects. The TEV sensors were installed on the simulated metal enclosures MV switchgear to detect electromagnetic (EM) pulse radiated through such metal housing. Besides, high-frequency current transformer (HFCT) sensors were also used for a purpose similar to that of a TEV. Based on laboratory test results, it was found that when the external structural material and internal partition wall of the MV switchgear have greater insulation properties, some of the PD signals detected by the TEV sensor tend to exhibit a significant decrease in signal magnitude. The detected PD results of the simulating PD sources inside the MV switchgear will be presented in this paper. Moreover, the field test PD experiment for the MV switch gear is also reported.
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Partial Discharge Characteristics of a Defective MV XLPE Cable
(2024-01-01)
Ekasittiphong, Woraphat
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Smerpitak, Krit
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Tangthanam, Worasak
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Jeenmuang, Siwakorn
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Pattanadech, Norasage
This paper presents the partial discharge (PD) test on a 22 kV underground cable having a simulated defect within the XLPE insulation. The defects were simulated using the nail, as the drill bits with a different drill diameter. The defect was created into the XLPE insulation layers of the underground cable. Besides, both end sides of the cable were electric field controlled. To simulate the defects for the experiment, the jacket in the middle of the cable was partially trimmed out, and the drill bits was driven through the insulation screen to the insulation layer. The diameter of the drill bits was controlled for each experiment. The PD experiment was conducted using high frequency current transformer (HFCT) sensor as an unconventional PD detection instrument. From analyzing the PD test results, a defect in the XLPE insulation causes vividly the PD inside the XLPE insulation. Consequently, the insulation gradually deteriorates undergoing the PD events. Moreover, the PD test results indicate that the larger diameter of the nail tip radius results in a higher PD magnitude than that generated by a smaller diameter.
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EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON ENERGY CONSUMPTION OF TEMPERATURE CONTROL BY USING ON-OFF INTELLIGENT FUNCTION
(2023-05-01)
Pongswatd, Sawai
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Sopha, Watcharapon
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Asadi, Farzin
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Smerpitak, Krit
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Thepmanee, Teerawat
In order to save electrical energy for on-off temperature control, a useful concept of on-off intelligent function to execute in a programmable logic controller (PLC) is presented. An implementation of PLC-based control system based on electric heating is also described as a case study to demonstrate the performance of the proposed function. IEC 61131-3-based ladder diagrams were created by using Studio 5000 software to run in the PLC modeled CompactLogix L30ER. Compared with the traditional on-off control action, the proposed on-off intelligent function can minimize energy consumption of a heater used in the implemented temperature control by 4.57%-6.65%.
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Design of PLC-based system for linearity output voltage of AC–DC converter
(2022-04-01)
Pongswatd, Sawai
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Smerpitak, Krit
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Asadi, Farzin
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Thepmanee, Teerawat
This paper presents the PLC-Based system for controlling the SCR power module which is AC–DC converter proposes to linearity output voltage with trigger signal. The technique converted the trigger signal by arccosine function and analog module in the PLC. Converted signal from PLC system is fed to SCR power module instant the traditional signal. Proposed of this paper describes the PLC hardware configuration, compute/math and trigonometric functions with Studio 5000 software. In addition, the interfacing, parameters configuration, and monitoring are considered for testing. The technique with PLC-based, devices configuration and experimental results have been presented will be useful for electric power supply in the industry with more and more demand to apply the PLC system to develop the traditional industry to semi or automatic control in the industry.
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Smart coffee vending machine based on IoT concept
(2020-08-01)
Pongswatd, Sawai
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Smerpitak, Krit
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Thepmanee, Teerawat
In order to improve the effectiveness of franchise system, this paper describes how to utilize the Internet of Things (IoT) concept for upgrading a franchisor’s traditional coffee vending machine to be a smart coffee vending machine (SCVM) with remote monitoring and control capabilities. The IoT-based SCVM provides powerful web dashboard to monitor machine operation statuses, track ingredient and component availability, and adjust hot drink recipes. The proposed improvement can therefore help both franchisor and franchisee not only to ensure that how well the machine is operating, and how well the machine is stocked but also to plan that when a supply worker needs to pay a visit to the machine for refilling ingredients based on sales data, and when a maintenance worker needs to pay a visit to the machine for providing services based on technical data. The proposed technique uses an Arduino board to replace an existing machine controller and installs a Raspberry Pi module to perform as a gateway for data transmission between the SCVM and the Ubidots cloud server via Internet. The Node-RED engine running on the Raspberry Pi is utilized as the IoT platform to collect and process the technical and sales data of the SCVM that dispenses three kinds of hot drinks. Based on user login system, the franchisor is allowed to remotely monitor the interested parameters of all SCVMs on the created dashboard for ensuring product availability as well as to remotely control the ratios of instant coffee/cocoa powder and hot water for ensuring product quality, whereas each franchisee is allowed to remotely monitor the operation status and daily sales detail for his approved machines only. Test results from data simulations confirm that the upgraded SCVM and created dashboard subpages function correctly in accordance with the franchisor’s requirements.
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Modification of Cockcroft-Walton-based high-voltage multipliers with 220 V and 50 Hz input for non-thermal food processing apparatus
(2020-08-01)
Jaiwanglok, Anurak
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Eguchi, Kei
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Smerpitak, Krit
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Julsereewong, Amphawan
A design of high-voltage multipliers to generate underwater shockwaves is one of the most important factors for successfully providing non-thermal food processing in a cost-effective manner. To be capable of fully utilizing the Cockcroft-Walton-based high-voltage multipliers for underwater shockwave generation, this paper presents a topological modification of three interesting design approaches in bipolar structure for 220 V and 50 Hz AC input to generate more than 3.5 kV DC output within short time periods. In addition to Cockcroft-Walton multipliers (CWMs), the first modified scheme employs a positive full-wave rectifier (FWR) and positive voltage multiplier block (VMB), the second modified scheme employs positive/negative half-wave rectifiers (HWRs), and the last modified scheme employs a switched-capacitor AC-AC converter. To comparatively analyze their performances, the digitally controlled operations of the modified realization schemes as well as their electrical characteristic estimation based on a four-terminal equivalent model are described in detail. The effectiveness of three modified circuit configurations and the correctness of the given theoretical analysis are verified through SPICE (Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis) simulation results. The formulas achieved from theoretical estimation are particularly useful when designing the proposed high-voltage multipliers (HVMs) because good agreement between the theoretical and simulation results can be achieved.
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Wincc-based process simulation for virtual commissioning of scada system integration
(2020-01-01)
Thepmanee, Teerawat
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Tantaweenulak, Adisak
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Smerpitak, Krit
In order to provide possibility for system integrators to verify the correctness and effectiveness of functions of a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system before on-site installation and actual commissioning, this paper presents a process simulation based on software-in-the-loop technique by using VBScript in WinCC for virtual commissioning. Design of integrating an existing control loop in water tank process of pharmaceutical manufacturing plant into a new SCADA is used as a case study. The interested process, which consists of inlet water pump, inlet control valve, level transmitter, and outlet water pump, is controlled by proportional-integral-derivative (PID) algorithm in a programmable logic controller (PLC) to maintain hydrostatic pressure in the water tank. Operations of the simulated process can be controlled in either manual mode or automatic mode. Moreover, the proposed simulation provides an option to imitate device failures that could not be done in real process due to damages for ensuring SCADA fault notification based on failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA). Experimental results of using the proposed process simulation for testing whether the created human machine interface (HMI) screens of the SCADA system integration fulfill functional design specifications are also included.

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