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Process Optimization and Kinetics Study of Metals Leaching from Spent Hydrocracking Catalysts by Cell-free Medium Filtrate of Aspergillus aculeatus
(2026-10-01)
Sawangchart, Thanakorn
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Meksiriporn, Bunyarit
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Sutjaritvorakul, Thanawat
Hydrocracking catalysts (HCC) are widely used in petrochemical refinery catalytic processes. Although these catalysts are frequently reusable, the efficacy of HCC gradually declines. This procedure leads to the production of a large amount of spent hydrocracking catalyst (SHCC), which contains valuable metals as well as hazardous chemical wastes. The pyro-hydro-metallurgical approach for metal restoration from catalyst waste is insufficient for environmental sustainability. The application of biological techniques is a more environmentally friendly strategy. Fungal leaching has emerged as an alternative method for the recovery of metals. Although metal recoveries were moderate, the use of cell-free fungal filtrate enabled rapid leaching under mild conditions, highlighting its potential as a greener and operationally simpler alternative to conventional whole-cell bioleaching. Aspergillus aculeatus was isolated from contaminated soil of a gold mine located in Thailand. The filtrate of the fungal culture medium was utilized for metal leaching, and this experiment was carried out using a Box-Behnken experimental design. The optimum processes included a spent catalyst density of 10% (w/v), a temperature of 50 °C, and a shaking rate of 148 rpm for 180 min, with the catalyst powder size being less than 150 µm. The predicted highest metal recovery rates of 7.98% for Al, 5.27% for Ni, 24.55% for Mo, 11.92% for Fe, and 0.93% for Zn aligned precisely with the actual experimental results. The comprehension of kinetics through the application of the shrink core model indicates that the mechanism of reactions is predominantly influenced by the surface chemical control reaction rather than the diffusion process. The leaching rates of Mo, Fe, Al, Ni, and Zn followed a descending order from highest to lowest.
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Fungal Transformation and Oxalate-Mediated Mineralization of Heavy Metal Oxides by Aspergillus aculeatus
(2026-04-01)
Sawangchart, Thanakorn
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Chutipaijit, Sutee
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Meksiriporn, Bunyarit
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Narueban, Worapat
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Tilokkarn, Worrathon
Fungal transformation is increasingly recognized as an important process influencing metal solubilization and immobilization in soil environments. In this study, a fungal strain (PTW4) isolated from mining-contaminated soil was molecularly identified as Aspergillus aculeatus. The strain was evaluated for its ability to solubilize and transform several heavy metal oxides, including ZnO, Pb<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf>, Cu<inf>2</inf>O, and MoO<inf>3</inf>. PTW4 produced consistent halo formation across all tested oxides, accompanied by progressive acidification of the culture medium, suggesting organic acid-mediated solubilization. Characterization of extracellular precipitates by SEM-EDS and XRD indicated mineral phases consistent with oxalate-associated biominerals, including zinc oxalate dihydrate (ZnC<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf>·2H<inf>2</inf>O), lead oxalate (PbC<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf>), and copper oxalate hydrate (CuC<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf>·xH<inf>2</inf>O). These minerals represent low-solubility phases that may reduce metal mobility in the surrounding environment. In contrast, molybdenum did not precipitate under the experimental conditions, suggesting metal-specific constraints in fungal biomineralization processes. Although organic acid production was not directly quantified, identification of oxalate mineral phases supports an oxalate-associated mineralization mechanism. Overall, the results provide evidence for heavy metal solubilization and selective extracellular precipitation consistent with oxalate biomineral formation by A. aculeatus PTW4, highlighting its potential relevance to fungal-mediated bioremediation and selective bioleaching processes.
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Development of a Broad-Spectrum Pan-Mpox Vaccine via Immunoinformatic Approaches
(2025-08-01)
Puagsopa, Japigorn
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Jumpalee, Panuwid
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Dechanun, Sittichoke
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Choengchalad, Sukanya
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Lohasupthawee, Pana
Monkeypox virus (MPXV) has caused 148,892 confirmed cases and 341 deaths from 137 countries worldwide, as reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), highlighting the urgent need for effective vaccines to prevent the spread of MPXV. Traditional vaccine development is low-throughput, expensive, time consuming, and susceptible to reversion to virulence. Alternatively, a reverse vaccinology approach offers a rapid, efficient, and safer alternative for MPXV vaccine design. Here, MPXV proteins associated with viral infection were analyzed for immunogenic epitopes to design multi-epitope vaccines based on B-cell, CD4+, and CD8+ epitopes. Epitopes were selected based on allergenicity, antigenicity, and toxicity parameters. The prioritized epitopes were then combined via peptide linkers and N-terminally fused to various protein adjuvants, including PADRE, beta-defensin 3, 50S ribosomal protein L7/12, RS-09, and the cholera toxin B subunit (CTB). All vaccine constructs were computationally validated for physicochemical properties, antigenicity, allergenicity, safety, solubility, and structural stability. The three-dimensional structure of the selected construct was also predicted. Moreover, molecular docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations between the vaccine and the TLR-4 immune receptor demonstrated a strong and stable interaction. The vaccine construct was codon-optimized for high expression in the E. coli and was finally cloned in silico into the pET21a (+) vector. Collectively, these results could represent innovative tools for vaccine formulation against MPXV and be transformative for other infectious diseases.
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Characterization and proximate analysis of composite biochar briquette from oil palm frond and red clay
(2025-01-01)
Suwankamnoed, Saipin
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Imsuwan, Pattareewan
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Tilokkarn, Worrathon
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Meksiriporn, Bunyarit
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Sutjaritvorakul, Thanawat
The ultimate goal of this research is to create effective and environmentally friendly biochar briquettes from oil palm frond (OPF) waste. Red clay, a plentiful local resource, has been demonstrated to improve the properties of fuel briquettes. In this study, the tested composite briquettes (biochar:red clay:starch by weight) were prepared in the following ratios: 40:55:5 (T2), 50:45:5 (T3), 60:35:5 (T4), and 70:25:5 (T5), while the control sample (T1) consisted of 95:5 (biochar:starch). All of the different ratios were analyzed using proximate analysis. The results showed moisture content ranging from 7.35% to 8.47%, ash content from 29.75% to 49.82%, volatile matter from 15.63% to 17.47%, and fixed carbon from 25.31% to 46.48%. Among them, T4 exhibited the lowest moisture and ash content and the highest calorific value at 5,650 cal/g, making it the optimal candidate for further investigation. A comprehensive analysis of T4 was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The techniques revealed the morphological structure and inorganic components that contribute to the energy efficiency of T4. The study also examined air pollutant emissions. T4 produced lower emissions of pollutants such as carbon monoxide (CO), carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2),</inf> total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs), formaldehyde (HCHO), and particulate matter (PM<inf>1.0</inf> and PM<inf>2.5</inf>) compared to the OPF biochar briquette without red clay (T1). Composite biochar briquettes made from OPF and red clay (T4) are safe and suitable for use as a fuel source for household applications like cooking and heating. This research contributes to the development of the green bioeconomy and supports sustainable energy initiatives.
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Growth Responses and Regression Analysis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Indica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(2022-01-01)
Sutjaritvorakul, Thanawat
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Koomsubsiri, Amorn
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Sridam, Idhisak
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Meksiriporn, Bunyarit
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Chutipaijit, Sutee
The use of metal nanomaterials to promote plant growth and inhibit plant pathogenic microorganisms is gaining interest. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were evaluated for effects on growth and productivity of indica rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). The rice plant was exposed to ZnONPs with different concentrations i. e. 0, 200, 600 and 800 mg/l. The plant height, weight and the number of panicles per clump were investigated. The result showed that 200 mg/l of ZnONPs induced the highest enhancement of plant height, weight and the number of panicles per clump with a significant difference compared to other groups. The mathematical model of the height, weight and the number of panicles per clump was analyzed by linear regression, and the determination coefficient (R2) of the linear regression model was 0.86, 0.84 and 0.52, respectively. This linear regression model could be potentially extended to the indica rice plant cultivation process in practical applications to predict the rice plant growth and productivity in commercial cultivation.
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Biological synthesis and characterization of lead oxide nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. aqueous extract
(2020-10-26)
Sutjaritvorakul, Thanawat
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Chutipaijit, Sutee
Lead oxide (PbO) is an important semiconductor material, and it can be potentially applied in many industries such as glass, battery and electronic industry. Metal nanoparticles are commonly synthesized by chemical and physical methods. However, these methods require extreme conditions, and thus causing toxic compounds. To overcome these problems, biological method for synthesis has been developed because it is more environmentally-friendly process. The objective of this research was to synthesize and characterize PbO nanoparticles (PbO-NPs) using aqueous fruit extract of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. The metal nanoparticles were investigated for the morphological characteristics and chemical composition by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and were identified by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The XRD pattern and FTIR spectrum substantiated that the metal nanoparticles were lead oxide. It was found that the aqueous fruit extract of A. bilimbi can synthesized PbO-NPs. Therefore, this method can be a promising alternative for low cost and non-polluting production of PbO-NPs.
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Physiological and metabolic modifications in response to nanocarbon in callus of Indica rice cultivar
(2020-01-01)
Sutjaritvorakul, Thanawat
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Chutipaijit, Sutee
Nanocarbon has been shown to be implicated in the response of plants to an assortment of positive or negative impacts. In the present research, the effects of nanocarbon on cell growth and secondary metabolite production on rice callus were studied. Different concentrations of nanocarbon (0-1000 mgl−1) were added into callus induction media to investigate the effects on the growth of callus, and secondary metabolite production in indica rice callus (Oryza sativa L. cv. Pathumthani1). The growth of callus was measured in terms of the size and weight of callus, and secondary metabolite production was determined based on the levels of total phenolic compounds and flavonoid production. The results showed that the callus induction, the callus growth and the secondary metabolite production in rice callus after treatment with nanocarbon were significantly different when compared to control (without treatment with nanocarbon). The rice callus treated with low (100 and 200 mgl-1) and moderate (400 and 600 mgl-1) level of nanocarbon displayed an enhancement in callus growth, total phenolic compounds and flavonoid production. However, the induction of callus, cell growth, and secondary metabolite production were decreased when rice callus was treated with high concentrations of nanocarbon (800 and 1000 mgl-1). The results of this research showed that the nanocarbon application of 400-600 mgl-1 had potential to induce the cell growth and secondary metabolite production. This research suggests further investigation in using different concentrations of nanocarbon on other plant species for potential pharmaceutical application.
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ZNO AND TIO2 nanoparticles stimulate callus induction and secondary metabolite production in indica RICE
(2020-01-01)
Chutipaijit, Sutee
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Sutjaritvorakul, Thanawat
Metal nanoparticles are widely used in various fields of industry and their impact in the agricultural field is increasing. This research was carried out to investigate the effects of ZnO and TiO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticles on callus induction and plant metabolism in indica rice. Indica rice was assessed in plant tissue culture condition to estimate the influence of metal nanoparticles on morphological and physiological factors over 4 weeks. The seeds of Oryza sativa L. var. KDML105 were exposed to 1-3 mg L-1 of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in the callus induction medium. The induced-calli were cultured on the callus induction medium supplemented with 2 mg L-1 of 2,4-D and showed a high increase in size and dry weight contents under the light condition when compared with the control and other treatments. Moreover, this research also investigated the potential impacts of ZnO and TiO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticles at 200, 400 and 800 mg L-1 on morphological and metabolic responses of the induced-calli cultured on the callus induction medium supplemented with 2,4-D and each type of metal nanoparticles. At 4 weeks after treatment, the induced-calli were analyzed for plant growth and assays on aspects of their metabolism were undertaken. The induced-calli exposed to 200 mg L-1 of ZnO or TiO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticles were found to have significant increase of biomass (size and dry weight of callus), total phenolic compounds and total flavonoid contents in KDML105 variety. The results demonstrated that utilization of ZnO and TiO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticles at appropriate concentration could positively induce the production of beneficial secondary metabolites in the induced-calli of indica rice and are worthy of further study for applications in other plant species.
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Improvement of Plant Regeneration Frequency from Carbon Sources in Aromatic Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
(2018-09-01)
Chutipaijit, Sutee
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Sutjaritvorakul, Thanawat
The objective of this research is to investigate carbon sources for optimum callus induction and plant regeneration frequencies. The effect of carbon sources on callus induction and plant regeneration from mature seeds of aromatic rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivar Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML105) was studied in this experiment. For callus induction, the different types of carbon sources along with 30 g L−1 of sucrose or maltose were evaluated. NSI and NMI medium were used for callus induction in three replicates (sucrose and maltose as carbon sources, respectively). The calli derived from NMI medium showed the higher percentage of callus induction, fresh weight, dry weights, callus size, green spots and regeneration frequency than calli derived from NSI medium. For plant regeneration, the 3-week-old calli were transferred to the regeneration medium which was different in carbon sources (NSR, NMR, NSMR0.5, NMMR0.5, NSMR1, NMMR1, NSMR1.5, NMMR1.5, NSMR2, NMMR2, NSMR2.5 and NMMR2.5 medium) and tested to investigate the effect of carbon sources in three replicates. The percentage of regeneration (60.71%) and the ratio of the number of seedlings to the number of regenerated calli (3.02) obtained from NMR medium showed the highest values. The percentage of callus induction and morphological performance (weight and size) were correlated with plant regeneration frequency. The results showed that using maltose as a carbon source gave a better result than using sucrose as a carbon source for callus induction and plant regeneration in aromatic rice cultivar KDML105. The regenerated plants were successfully rooted and well grown in greenhouse conditions.
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Comparative study of total phenolic compounds, flavonoids and antioxidant capacities in pigmented and non-pigmented rice of indica rice varieties
(2018-06-01)
Chutipaijit, Sutee
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Sutjaritvorakul, Thanawat
The total phenolic compounds and flavonoid contents of grains as well as the antioxidant capacities were determined in 15 rice varieties. A high-performance liquid chromatography method was modified for the determination of the flavonoid subgroups in rice grains. The results showed the total phenolic compounds, flavonoid contents, and antioxidant capacities of pigmented rice were higher than in non-pigmented rice. The amounts of flavanone groups ranging from 0.04 to 0.40 mg Naringenin g−1, while flavones groups ranging from 0.08 to 0.57 mg Apigenin g−1, flavonol groups ranging from 0.16 to 1.20 mg Quercetin g−1 and anthocyanin groups ranging from 44.43 to 69.83 mg Cyanidin chloride g−1 were found in pigmented rice. The total phenolic compounds and total flavonoid contents of grains were significantly correlated with their antioxidant capacities. The results indicated that pigmented rice appeared as a good source of phenolic and flavonoid compounds and had beneficial nutritive values or antioxidant substances.

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