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Structural Imbalance and Life-Cycle Cost Coverage in Vertical Greenery Systems: A Systematic Literature Review
(2026-04-01)
Phatthanaphan, Nitchaya
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
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Wutisun, Duangkamon
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Singkham, Sathirat
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Petsirasan, Sippakorn
Vertical greenery systems (VGS), including vertical gardens (VG) and green façades (GF), are increasingly promoted as nature-based solutions for sustainable urban development. Despite their environmental benefits, economic evaluation remains fragmented, particularly within a life-cycle cost (LCC) perspective. This study conducts a systematic literature review to examine the structural configuration of cost-related research on VGS within an LCC framework. Following the PRISMA protocol, 136 peer-reviewed articles published between 2021 and 2025 were identified through a structured search of the ScienceDirect database and retained as the analytical dataset. Bibliometric mapping, thematic classification, and co-occurrence analysis were applied to assess publication patterns, the distribution of cost components, and reporting structures. Five principal cost categories were identified: Installation and Operation, Maintenance, Consumables, Materials and Manufacturing, and Design. The results reveal a pronounced concentration on installation and maintenance costs, while design-phase economics and comprehensive LCC integration remain marginal. Most studies address only one or two cost categories, indicating structural fragmentation. In addition, heterogeneous reporting units and inconsistent contextual descriptors constrain cross-study comparability and cumulative synthesis. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that although cost research on VGS is expanding, it has not yet achieved methodological maturity within a standardized LCC framework. Advancing harmonized cost-reporting protocols and integrated life-cycle modeling is therefore essential to support robust economic evaluation and informed implementation of VGS in sustainable built environments.
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Exterior Architectural Characteristics of Biophilic Design in Diverse Regional Contexts: Case Studies from Asia, Europe, and Australia
(2026-03-01)
Thampanichwat, Chaniporn
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
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Petlai, Taksaporn
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Somngam, Panyaphat
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Sirisakdi, Limpasilp
Biophilic design has gained increasing importance in contemporary architecture due to its potential to enhance human well-being, environmental quality, and the integration of nature within built environments. While a growing body of literature exists, there remains a limited understanding of how biophilic architecture is visually expressed in diverse regional contexts. As the exterior of a building constitutes its most immediate expression, examining these characteristics is essential. This research gap raises the question of how exterior biophilic design characteristics are articulated in architectural practice within different geographic settings. To address this gap, this study examines the exterior architectural characteristics of biophilic design through selected case studies from Asia, Europe, and Australia, focusing on how these characteristics are manifested in each regional context. The research adopts a three-step methodological approach. First, on-site photographic documentation was conducted. Second, the collected photographs were systematically coded. Third, descriptive analysis was employed to examine the distribution of biophilic design characteristics in diverse regional contexts. Across all regions, biophilic attributes are most prominently manifested with natural colors, natural materials, and biomorphic or natural forms. In contrast, spatial attributes appear less consistently documented in photographs. This study is limited by its reliance on photographic analysis and a relatively small sample size. Future research should integrate multimethod approaches and expanded case studies to capture experiential and environmental dimensions of biophilic design beyond visual attributes.
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Exterior Biophilic Design Attributes Supporting Urban Mental Well-Being: A Case Study of Singapore’s Architecture
(2026-02-01)
Bunyarittikit, Suphat
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
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Petlai, Taksaporn
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Somngam, Panyaphat
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Ratanapong, Naipai
The biophilic city concept has been proposed as an approach to mitigate the negative impacts of urban growth under global warming, which increasingly affects people’s mental health. As architecture occupies a substantial proportion of urban areas, biophilic architecture plays a crucial role in supporting urban well-being, contributing to sustainable development in line with Sustainable Development Goal 3 (SDG 3) (Good Health and Well-being). Previous studies have identified a research gap regarding the integration of exterior biophilic architectural attributes within urban contexts. Therefore, this study aims to identify exterior biophilic architectural attributes that can enhance urban mental well-being, using buildings in Singapore as case studies. A questionnaire survey was conducted to evaluate architectural attributes and people’s emotional responses, with the aim of analyzing their relationships. The results indicate that exterior biophilic architectural attributes contribute unequally to urban mental well-being. Natural features emerged as the most influential attribute, exerting comprehensive positive effects on attentiveness, inspiration, and self-assurance. Natural forms and natural colors also demonstrated significant contributions by promoting relaxation, cognitive engagement, and inspiration. In addition, natural spaces supported attentiveness and confidence, while natural materials, despite being less prevalent, exhibited strong qualitative effects on inspiration and psychological security. Accordingly, this study provides biophilic architectural design guidelines that support the mental sustainability of urban populations affected by global warming.
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Biophilic Architecture in the Livable City of Melbourne CBD
(2025-12-01)
Thampanichwat, Chaniporn
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
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Somngam, Panyaphat
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Petlai, Taksaporn
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Sirisakdi, Limpasilp
Amid continuous urban population growth and urbanization’s environmental and social challenges, livable cities have become a key priority for governments. Among the various factors influencing urban livability, architectural design integrating natural elements plays a critical role. Melbourne consistently ranks as one of the world’s most livable cities, with its Central Business District (CBD) serving as its core. Since a previous study has highlighted a research gap concerning the role of architecture in livable cities and indicated that the characteristics of biophilic architecture remain unclear, this study addresses the following question: What are the attributes of biophilic architecture in the CBD of the livable city of Melbourne? Subsequently, buildings exhibiting characteristics of Biophilic architecture were surveyed, and photographs capturing the most representative aspects of each building were documented. These characteristics were then coded and analyzed using statistics. The study found that Biophilic architecture is extremely rare in Melbourne’s CBD, with only four of 6375 properties (0.06%) identified as such. The most prominent attributes include connection to nature, natural color tones, and light modulation shaped by the city’s grid layout and strong sunlight. However, the dominance of concrete structures and heritage regulations constrains formal diversity. While Melbourne may not provide abundant examples, its context offers valuable insight into how urban form and policy shape biophilic expression. Future studies should extend this comparative approach to other cities to better understand context-specific adaptations of biophilic design.
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Exploring Sidewalk Built Environment Design Strategies to Promote Walkability in Tropical Humid Climates
(2025-08-01)
Anuntavachakorn, Pakin
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Pawarana, Purinat
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
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Thampanichwat, Chaniporn
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Bunyarittikit, Suphat
The world is facing a state of “global boiling,” causing damage to various sectors. Developing pedestrian systems is a key to mitigating it, especially in tropical and humid cities where the climate discourages walking and increases the need for shaded walkways. Recent research shows a lack of data and in-depth studies on the built environment promoting walkability in such climates, creating a research gap this study aims to fill. Using Singapore as a case study, four locations—Marina Bay, Orchard Road, Boat Quay, and Chinatown—were surveyed and analyzed through visual decoding and questionnaires. Results show that natural light is the most frequently observed and important element in pedestrian pathway design in tropical and humid areas. Trees and sidewalks are also important in creating a walk-friendly environment. Green spaces significantly influence the desire to walk, though no clear positive outcomes were found. Additionally, “Other Emotions” negatively affect the decision to walk, suggesting these should be avoided in future pedestrian pathway designs to encourage walking.
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A Systematic Review of Architectural Atmosphere That Fosters Mindfulness Constructs
(2025-07-01)
Thampanichwat, Chaniporn
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Sirisakdi, Limpasilp
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Petsirasan, Sippakorn
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Wutisun, Duangkamon
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Singkham, Sathirat
This study explores how architectural atmosphere can foster mindfulness constructs in response to the growing mental health crisis. Mindfulness, known for improving mental health, reducing stress, and enhancing overall well-being, is increasingly recognized as a potential solution to mental health challenges. However, research on how architectural atmosphere supports mindfulness is limited. This study systematically reviews architectural atmosphere features that promote mindfulness constructs, which includes awareness, openness, attention, focus, connection, and calmness. A literature review was conducted using the Scopus database, following PRISMA guidelines for transparency. Fifty-three articles were selected, focusing on mindfulness features in architectural atmosphere: awareness (4), openness (1), attention (28), focus (5), and connection (15). No studies were found on architectural atmosphere fostering calmness. The findings suggest that architectural atmosphere plays a significant role in supporting mindfulness, but further empirical studies are needed to validate these results in real-world contexts.
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Mindful Architecture from Text-to-Image AI Perspectives: A Case Study of DALL-E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion
(2025-03-01)
Thampanichwat, Chaniporn
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
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Sirisakdi, Limpasilp
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Chunhajinda, Pornteera
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Bunyarittikit, Suphat
Mindful architecture is poised to foster sustainable behavior and simultaneously mitigate the physical and mental health challenges arising from the impacts of global warming. Previous studies demonstrate that a substantial educational gap persists between architecture and mindfulness. However, recent advancements in text-to-image AI have begun to play a significant role in generating conceptual architectural imagery, enabling architects to articulate their ideas better. This study employs DALL-E, Midjourney, and Stable Diffusion—popular tools in the field—to generate imagery of mindful architecture. Subsequently, the architects decoded the architectural characteristics in the images into words. These words were then analyzed using natural language processing techniques, including Word Cloud Generation, Word Frequency Analysis, and Topic Modeling Analysis. Research findings conclude that mindful architecture from text-to-image AI perspectives consistently features structured lines with sharp edges, prioritizes openness with indoor–outdoor spaces, employs both horizontal and vertical movement, utilizes natural lighting and earth-tone colors, incorporates wood, stone, and glass elements, and emphasizes views of serene green spaces—creating environments characterized by gentle natural sounds and calm atmospheric qualities. DALL-E is the text-to-image AI that provides the most detailed representation of mindful architecture.
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The Architectural Language of Biophilic Design After Architects Use Text-to-Image AI
(2025-03-01)
Thampanichwat, Chaniporn
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
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Sirisakdi, Limpasilp
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Somngam, Panyaphat
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Petlai, Taksaporn
Biophilic design is an architectural concept that bridges the gap between modern buildings and the innate human longing for nature. In addition, it promotes physical and mental well-being while aligning with several Sustainable Development Goals. Recent research highlights that the architectural language used to describe the attributes of biophilic architecture remains unclear. Previous research has shown that text-to-image AI enhances architects’ ability to articulate their ideas more effectively. Therefore, this study aims to address the following research question: What are the architectural languages of biophilic design after architects use text-to-image AI? The initial step involves generating images of biophilic architecture by using three popular text-to-image AI tools: DALL-E 3, MidJourney, and Stable Diffusion. The 30 selected images were used to help architects develop the architectural language to describe the characteristics of biophilic design across 10 categories: Form, Space, Movement, Light, Color, Material, Object, View, Sound, and Weather. The terms obtained were analyzed using natural language processing (NLP) techniques, including word cloud analysis, frequency analysis, and topic modeling. The results indicate that the architectural language of biophilic design exhibits greater detail and clarity after architects utilize text-to-image AI. Nevertheless, in some instances, the language used to describe biophilic design is also constrained by the images generated by the text-to-image AI that the architects observe.
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Impact of Wall Paint Solar Absorptance on CO2 Emissions in Residential Buildings: A Case Study from Bangkok
(2024-12-01)
Wongmahasiri, Rungroj
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
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Thampanichwat, Chaniporn
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Bunyarittikit, Suphat
Electricity consumption in buildings is a significant contributor to greenhouse gas emissions, which drive climate change. Reducing electricity use in residential buildings, which account for approximately 20% of Thailand’s total electricity consumption, represents a key opportunity for lowering greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this study was to assess the potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions through the use of appropriate solar absorptance in wall paint, conducted via an energy simulation using a representative residential building model from Bangkok. The DOE2.1E program was employed to simulate a standard two-story house commonly found in Thailand, with an approximate floor area of 120 square meters. The window-to-wall ratios were set at 10% and 20%, and air conditioning usage was modeled for nighttime hours. External wall paint was assigned varying solar absorption coefficients, ranging from 10% to 90%. Greenhouse gas emissions were calculated by multiplying the simulated annual electricity consumption by the emission factor, expressed in kgCO<inf>2</inf>eq/kWh, provided by the Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization. The results indicated that adjusting wall paint solar absorptance from 10% to 90% led to a 10% variation in both energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, potentially reducing CO<inf>2</inf> emissions by approximately 411–456 kgCO<inf>2</inf>eq per house per year. Therefore, implementing regulations that mandate the use of wall paints with appropriate solar absorption coefficients could significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions and contribute to environmental protection efforts in Thailand.
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The Architectural Design Strategies That Promote Attention to Foster Mindfulness: A Systematic Review, Content Analysis and Meta-Analysis
(2024-08-01)
Thampanichwat, Chaniporn
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Wongvorachan, Tarid
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Bunyarittikit, Suphat
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Chunhajinda, Pornteera
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Phaibulputhipong, Prima
Attention is a pivotal component and a central vehicle of mindfulness, a psychological factor improving mental health. Despite architecture’s potential to encourage attention and mindfulness, there is still a research gap. This study aimed to investigate architectural design strategies that promotes attention in order to foster mindfulness. The research was carried out in three primary stages. The first step entailed conducting a systematic review by searching publications related to architecture that promotes attention from Scopus in February 2024. After considering the suitability and accessibility, 32 articles were included. No studies were found to have investigated the field of enhancing mindfulness. The second step utilized content analysis to decode the selected articles using a framework developed from literature reviews. All three coders decoded the data independently, allowing the main researcher to compile it into the final dataset. Finally, the data underwent Python meta-analysis for word frequency and association. The result revealed certain qualities that help achieve attention through architecture. The architectural atmosphere is most effective when it features natural forms and spaces that evoke a sense of enclosure. The lighting should emphasize natural light and uniformity, whereas the sound designs primarily concern acoustics, ambient, and noises, with controlled weather emphasizing air aspects. The building should utilize natural materials and incorporate object elements; the facade and entrance are particularly crucial components. Moreover, the colors of brick and green and views encompassing gardens and vegetation are among the qualities mentioned. Based on the analysis, the material, view, and color features were most congruent with the biophilic design concept. All these factors are expected to foster mindfulness, thereby improving mental health.

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