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Sustainable magnetic biochar from agro-aquacultural waste for efficient Pb(II) and Cd(II) removal: Machine learning–assisted optimization and techno-economic evaluation
(2026-05-15)
Limmun, Wanida
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Limmun, Warunee
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Prangmoo, Yasumin
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Ishikawa, Nao
;
Borkowski, John J.
This study presents the sustainable synthesis and optimization of magnetic biochar derived from agro-aquacultural waste, specifically rubber seed shells and oyster shells (MRO), for the efficient removal of Pb(II) and Cd(II) from aqueous solutions. MRO was synthesized via FeCl<inf>3</inf> activation and co-pyrolysis, enhancing adsorption capacity and magnetic recoverability. Process optimization was performed using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and a Genetic Algorithm–Backpropagation Neural Network (GA–BPNN), with experimental validation confirming RSM-predicted conditions. The optimized MRO achieved high adsorption capacities of 709.99 mg/g for Pb(II) and 332.98 mg/g for Cd(II), following Langmuir and pseudo-second-order kinetic models. Mechanistic analysis identified surface complexation, ion exchange, electrostatic interaction, and precipitation as key pathways. MRO demonstrated excellent reusability, maintaining over 90% Pb(II) removal efficiency after 11 regeneration cycles. Techno-economic and environmental assessments revealed a low production cost (23 THB/kg), modest energy consumption (2.5 kWh/kg), and a reduced carbon footprint (0.50 kg CO<inf>2</inf>/kg). These results underscore the potential of MRO as a cost-effective and scalable adsorbent for sustainable wastewater treatment applications.
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Eco-friendly magnetic biochar from Leb Mu Nang banana peel: Response surface methodology optimization for Cd(II) adsorption from synthetic wastewater
(2024-02-01)
Limmun, Wanida
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Limmun, Warunee
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Borkowski, John J.
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Ishikawa, Nao
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Pairintra, Rattanachai
Magnetic biochar derived from Leb Mu Nang banana peel waste is introduced as a novel precursor for Cd(II) removal from synthetic wastewater. This study comprehensively evaluates and optimizes variable factors, including initial Cd(II) concentration, magnetic biochar (MLP) dosage, adsorption time, and initial pH level, using the Response Surface Methodology (RSM). A Cd(II) removal efficiency of up to 93.4 % is reached under the conditions of a 50 mg/L initial concentration, 5 g/L MLP dosage, 24 h of adsorption time, and a solution pH of 8. The pseudo-second-order and Langmuir models accurately represent the kinetics and isotherm adsorptions, highlighting ion exchange, surface complexation, and precipitation as primary adsorption mechanisms. The magnetic biochar derived from Leb Mu Nang banana peels shows promise for efficient Cd(II) removal with easy post-adsorption separation.
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One-Step Synthesis of Magnetic Biochar from Durian Shell Via K2FeO4 Activation for Lead Removal
(2024-01-01)
Pewpa, Orrawan
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Limmun, Warunee
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Ito, Ayumi
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Chungcharoen, Thatchapol
This study explores the synthesis and application of magnetic biochar derived from durian shell (MDS) for Pb(II) removal. MDS was synthesized through a one-step method using K<inf>2</inf>FeO<inf>4</inf> activation. The synthesized MDS was characterized using various analytical techniques, showing a high specific surface area and oxygen-rich functional groups. These characteristics have made it highly effective at adsorbing Pb(II). The initial pH and MDS dosage effects on Pb(II) adsorption were examined. The highest adsorption capacity of MDS for Pb(II) was found to be 87.43 mg/g, which was observed at pH 7 and MDS dosage of 1 g/L. The pseudo-second-order (PSO) model was found to be the best fit for the kinetics of Pb(II) adsorption, suggesting chemisorption. These results are expected to contribute to the development of effective, economical, and environmentally friendly solutions for wastewater treatment, mainly targeting Pb(II) contamination.
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Immobilization of cadmium in soil using magnetic biochar derived from Eichhornia crassipes
(2020-08-01)
Chaiyaraksa, Chompoonut
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Lokham, Nongnapa
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Kuikrong, Rawisara
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Artsanapaiboon, Sangarun
Heavy metal contamination in an environment is a critical problem in Thailand that needs to be addressed urgently, particularly contaminated soil. This research aims to study the adsorption of cadmium ion by unmodified biochar and sodium dodecyl sulfate modified magnetic biochar (SDS-MB) derived from Eichhornia Crassipes. The adsorbent and soil characteristics were determined. Observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM), the surface of unmodified biochar (B) was smoother than SDS-MB. The X-ray diffractometer (XRD) pattern showed peaks for iron oxide. The values of point of zero charge (pH<inf>PZC</inf>) and acid neutralization capability (ANC) were 3 and 1000.3 meq/kg, respectively. The greatest adsorption of cadmium occurred when the pH of the wastewater was 8. The adsorption reached equilibrium within 1 h. It followed Freundlich, Temkin, and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic. SDS-MB was mixed with sandy clay loam soil (pH 7.87) contaminated with cadmium 50 mg per kilogram soil at the ratio of 0-5%. The results from the extraction with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), ammonium acetate, calcium chloride, diethylene triamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA), and sequential extraction method indicated that 5% mixing ratio showed the best ability to reduce cadmium movement in the soil. Cadmium in a form that bound to oxide and a form that bound to organic matter significantly increased.

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