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    Peroxydisulfate Co-Treatment with MnOx-Loaded Biochar for COD Removal from Automobile Service Station Wastewater
    (2023-01-01) ;
    Pattanagulanan, Kunlasatree
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    Rueangsukhon, Chonlada
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    Nasingthong, Panatda
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    This research was aimed at recycling agricultural waste and treating synthetic automobile service station wastewater. Wastewater was synthesized to two levels of COD concentration: 702 mg/L (WW-A) and 7,054 mg/L (WW-B). In the treatment process, 100 mM sodium peroxydisulfate with MnO<inf>x</inf>-loaded biochar (MnO<inf>x</inf>-Biochar) was applied. The MnO<inf>x</inf>-Biochar was produced by dipping corn cob biochar in 40 mM manganese sulfate followed by pyrolyzed at 600°C. The surface area, pore volume, pore size, and pH value at the zero-point charge of MnO<inf>x</inf>-Biochar were 130 m<sup>2</sup>/g, 0.044 cm<sup>3</sup>/g, 1.02 nm, and 7.05, respectively. From the FTIR spectrogram, a peak assignable to Mn-O was observed. The results showed that the initial pH of the wastewater did not affect the treatment efficiency. The optimum MnO<inf>x</inf>-Biochar dosage was 2 g/L. Equilibrium was reached within 120 min of reaction. During the first 15 min, the treatment rate constants (k) of the WW-A and WW-B treatment were 0.0647 min<sup>-1</sup> and 0.0349 min<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. After 15 min, the k values of the WW-A and WW-B treatments were reduced to 0.0242 min<sup>-1</sup> and 0.0094 min<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The overall treatment efficiencies of the low COD wastewater (WW-A) and high COD wastewater (WW-B) were 97% and 78%, respectively. The treatment mechanisms involved both adsorption and oxidation. The adsorption efficiencies of the WW-A and WW-B treatments were 36% and 18%, respectively.
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    Mobility retardation of Cd, Pb and Mn in acid soil using phosphate fertilizers
    (2019-05-01) ;
    Rodsa, Natthanan
    Contamination of heavy metals in soil is a major problem that causes damage to the environments. The aim of this research was to observe the efficiency of phosphate fertilizer, including phosphate rock, di-ammonium phosphate, and monopotassium phosphate in stabilizing lead, cadmium, and manganese in contaminated soil. The sampling soil was an acid sandy clay loam soil from Rayong Province which is one of the most industrialized provinces in Thailand. After applying fertilizers to the soil, the determination was on soil pH, the total concentration of heavy metals, heavy metal forms in soil and potential of heavy metals to enter the biological system. The results showed that phosphate rock, diammonium phosphate, and monopotassium phosphate increased the soil pH from 3.60 to 6.5, 7.0 and 5.2, respectively. Phosphate fertilizers could change an unstable form to a more stable form of heavy metals. Phosphate rock (7.5 g/kg<inf>soil</inf>) has the highest potential for reducing the mobility of all three metals (about 80% for manganese, 60% for cadmium, and 50% for lead), followed by monopotassium phosphate. The results obtained from the extraction with DTPA and CaCl<inf>2</inf> were closely related to the results obtained from the sequential extraction method. Phosphate rock was the best to reduce potentially toxic metals phytoavailability. Soil improvement with phosphate fertilizer was considered a good alternative for stabilizing soils contaminated with cadmium, lead, and manganese.
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    Adsorption of direct red 83 using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide modified water hyacinth
    (2018-01-01) ;
    Chomphatho, Sarunya
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    Phaophuetphan, Sutthikarn
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    Champa, Onnadda
    As of present, water pollution that is caused by textile dyeing factories is one of the primary concerns in Thailand. Wastewater is contaminated with dyes, which results in an unpleasant watercolor. This research emphasized on the study of the adsorption of Direct Red 83 dye through the use of water hyacinths, which are abundant in number and can be easily obtained. Prior to the adsorption, water hyacinths were modified with cetyltrimetylammonium bromide (CTAB). The value of pHpzc of the adsorbent was 5.15. The adsorption was most effective at the pH value of 3. After increasing the amount of adsorbent and the temperature for water treatment, the percentage of dye removal would increase. However, if the concentration of dye increases, the percentage of dye removal would decrease. Upon the addition of electrolytes into the Wastewater that contained this particular type of dye, it was found that calcium salts lowered the percentage of dye removal to a greater extent than sodium salts. The process of adsorption was in accordance with Langmuir adsorption model, with qe value equals to 66.2252 milligrams per gram, KL value equals to 1.6064 liters per milligram, and RL value equals to 0.0062. Based on Dubinin-Radushkevich equation, the obtained E value represents physical adsorption. According to Redlich-Peterson equation, bR equals to 1.0797, which supported the fact that adsorption conformed to Langmuir model. This adsorption was in accordance with the model of a second-order reaction. When the temperature of the Wastewater increases, K2 value would increase. When the concentration of dye increases, qe value would increase.
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    Reduction of heavy metal movement in soil contaminated with diesel using Corncob-Biochar
    (2021-01-01) ;
    Phumcharoen, Ketklao
    This research aimed to study the effect of biochar on the stability of Mn, Cd, and Pb in soil contaminated with diesel. The clay with pH 6.80, medium in organic matter (OM), high in cation exchange capacity (CEC), low in phosphate and salinity was from Bang Rong Subdistrict, Klong Khuen District, Chachoengsao Province (N13˚50’32.1252” E101˚ 9’5.6808”). The metal content is in the standard for use in agriculture. The soil sample was prepared to contain Mn, Pb, and Cd at 2,000 mg/kg, 550 mg/kg, and 50 mg/kg, respectively. The biochar from corncob was neutral, low in CEC, high in conductivity and OM. The surface area, pore-volume, pore radius, acid neutralization capability, and the pH at the point of zero charges (pHPZC) were 61.189 sq. m/g, 0.088 mL/g, 13.664 Angstrom, 1,000 meq/kg, and 6.80, respectively. Five percent of biochar was mixed to the soil containing 2% and 5% of diesel at room temperature for 2, 4, and 8 weeks before extraction with diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA) and sequential extraction. The results indicated that the higher the amount of diesel in soil, the slower the metal movement. Biochar could retard the mobility of Mn, Pb, and Cd in the soil sample. Five percent of biochar was not enough to decrease the metal mobility in soil contaminated with diesel 5%. The amount of extracted heavy metals increased with the more extended mixing period. The addition of biochar to the soil sample could change metals from unstable to stable forms.
      1
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    Adsorption of cationic and anionic dye using modified pineapple peel
    (2019-01-01) ;
    Ruenroeng, Chanyapat
    ;
    Buaphuan, Bunyisa
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    Choksakul, Sidaporn
    This research used leftover pineapple peel from a fruit shop to adsorb Basic Red 9 dye and Direct Red 83 dye. Pineapple peel was modified with 1.25 M calcium chloride before conducting adsorption experiments. The studied parameters that affect adsorption efficiency included time, pH, adsorbent quantity, dye concentration in the wastewater, and temperature. Both dyes showed the best adsorption at pH 7. Basic Red 9 and Direct Red 83 took 60 and 90 min, respectively, to reach equilibrium reactions. As the quantity of pineapple peel increased, the adsorption capacity increased. Temperature slightly affected the dye adsorption. The adsorption isotherms of Basic Red 9 and Direct Red 83 followed the Temkin and Freundlichad sorption models, whereas the adsorption kinetics of the two were consistent with the pseudo-second-order equation. The adsorption was endothermic and spontaneous.
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    Cleaner Bio-Based Plasticizer Synthesis from Waste Cooking Oil to Substitute Toxic Dioctyl Phthalate in PVC film
    (2025-01-01) ; ;
    Boonkaen, Fahana
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    Laemsri, Arthittaya
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    Smingkaew, Arnita
    This research aimed to investigate the possibility of synthesizing a bio-based plasticizer from waste cooking oil using an epoxidation reaction to replace dioctyl phthalate (DOP) in PVC film, which is toxic and hazardous to human health and the environment. This involved synthesizing used household oil through an epoxidation reaction to introduce epoxy groups, followed by isopropyl alcohol to break the epoxy rings and form hydroxyl groups. The chemical structure of the epoxidized waste cooking oil plasticizer was analyzed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), with a focus on confirming the presence of epoxy groups within the 3,500 – 3,000 cm-1 range. Subsequently, this bio-based plasticizer was used in various ratios to DOP to produce PVC films, including ratios of 5:0, 4:1, 3:2, 2:3, 1:4, and 0:5. These PVC films were subject to a comprehensive examination of their physical and chemical properties, including their resistance to tensile stress, elongation ability, the impact on molecular functional groups in the PVC film, and a leaching test. The results showed that the optimal proportion of epoxidized waste cooking oil plasticizer to DOP was 5:0. This ratio demonstrated superior tensile strength, enhanced elongation capacity, increased thermal stability, and exhibited the most robust resistance against solvents compared to other ratios tested.
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    Adsorption of copper (II) and nickel (II) by chemical modified magnetic biochar derived from eichhornia crassipes
    (2019-05-01) ;
    Boonyakiat, Watcharapol
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    Bukkontod, Wannisa
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    Ngakom, Wanvisa
    A heavy metal contamination problem in Thailand is an important issue that needs to be addressed urgently, particularly contaminated in water. Heavy metal contamination in water can spread to other environments faster. This research aims to apply chitosan-magnetic biochar synthesized from water hyacinth in order to solve the problem of copper and nickel contaminated in water. Data from SEM indicated that chitosan-magnetic biochar had a smoother surface and had smaller holes than the magnetic biochar. When tested with Autosorb-1, results indicated that the adsorbent with chitosan had a slightly lower porosity compared to without chitosan. Data from FTIR found evidence of chitosan on the adsorbent. According to the XRD study, peaks of iron oxide presented. The point of zero charges (pH<inf>PZC</inf>) of chitosan-magnetic biochar was 7.03. The adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics were observed. The adsorption of both Cu and Ni followed Langmuir isotherm. The value of q<inf>max</inf> for Cu was 38.4615 mg/g and for Ni was 0.4858 mg/g. The R<sup>2</sup> value of Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm was also high. The E value of Cu and Ni was 0.316 kJ/mol and 1.8962 kJ/mol, respectively. The best-fitting kinetic model for Cu was the pseudo-second-order model and for Ni was the intra-particle diffusion. The adsorption was an endothermic process. The process was spontaneous at high temperatures and non-spontaneous at low temperatures.
      1
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    Effect of Chemical Fertilizers on the Efficiency of Biochar in Reducing Lead Mobility in Soil
    (2024-04-01) ;
    Chaiyasit, Kanokwan
    The objective of this research was to investigate the impact of ten different fertilizers on the mobility of lead in soils that had been treated with biochar. The soil used in this study was collected from Chanthaburi Province. To simulate the experimental conditions, this soil was artificially enriched with 550 mg/kg of lead. The synthetic soil was prepared by mixing it with 10% biochar and 0.04% of various chemical fertilizers. To assess the bioavailability of lead in the soil to plants, an extraction process using diethylenetriamine pentaacetate was performed. This allowed researchers to determine how these fertilizers affected the movement and availability of lead in the soil for plant uptake. In the study, it was observed that among the fertilizers tested, urea was the only one that increased the bioavailability of lead in the soil, making it more accessible to plants. Sequential extraction techniques were employed to analyze six different forms of lead in the soil. Interestingly, all fertilizers, except for urea, caused a transformation of lead from less stable forms to more stable forms in the soil. To further investigate the relationship between fertilizer variables and heavy metal uptake, a stepwise linear regression analysis was applied. The results indicated that the mobility of lead in the soil was primarily influenced by the nitrogen content, potassium levels, and sulfate ion concentration in the fertilizers.
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    Induction heating pyrolysis of landfilled plastic waste into valuable hydrocarbon fuels
    (2025-03-01)
    Phongsakun, Kittiphon
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    ;
    Sricharoenchaikul, Viboon
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    Kachapongkun, Pongsakorn
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    This research investigated the pyrolysis process for plastic waste treatment using induction heating. The induction system involved a coil wrapped around insulated material to generate heat. The plastic waste was sourced from the Refuse-Derived Fuel (RDF) sorting process from a 15-year-old landfill in the province of Nonthaburi, Thailand. The pyrolysis was performed at temperatures ranging from 400 to 600°C with a batch reactor. The highest yield of pyrolysis oil was 27.6% wt. at 600°C. Energy consumption for converting plastic waste into oil ranged between 9.50 and 13.36 kWh, with the highest consumption at 600 °C. The produced pyrolysis oil at 600°C achieved the highest HHV of 41.33 MJ/kg. The GC/MS analysis of the pyrolysis oil revealed an increase in aromatic and hydrocarbons (C5-C11 and C12-C20) with rising temperature. These carbon fractions are suitable replacements for heavy oil or diesel fuel, as low-oxygenated compounds, and hydrocarbon content in pyrolysis oil are desirable. The amount of char produced at 400°C was the highest, with a yield that ranged from 45.2% wt. to 67.0% wt. Moreover, the pyrolysis process has a significant advantage in lowering greenhouse gas emissions (0.21–0.25% vol.), which releases less CO2 than the combustion of plastic waste. The findings therefore suggest that pyrolysis oil, which is produced under optimum conditions, can be used as a substitute liquid fuel in the industrial sector, and is consistent with the circular economy's concepts, promoting sustainability and utilizing resource efficiency.
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    Acid soil amendment by zeolite, sepiolite and diatomite
    (2019-01-01) ;
    Tumtong, Mintra
    The aim of this research was to reduce the heavy metal movement to the biosystem using clay minerals including zeolite, sepiolite, and diatomite. The clay soil and sandy loam soil were made contaminated with 200, 350, 700, and 250 mg of Zn, Cu, Cr, and Ni per kg of soil, respectively. The ratio of clay minerals added to soils was 2.5%, 5%, and 7.5%. The determination of various forms of heavy metals bound to soil mixed with clay minerals and left for a period of 30 and 60 days was carried out using the sequential extraction method. The results indicated that Ni and Zn were mostly in an exchangeable form, while Cu and Cr were mostly in an oxide bound form and an organically bound form. The pH of the soils increased after adding clay minerals. Diatomite caused the smallest change in the pH value. Chromium had the best adsorption capacity by bonding with various elements in the soil, followed by Cu, Zn, and Ni, respectively. The addition of sepiolite caused more heavy metals in a stable form than adding zeolite and diatomite. When adding clay minerals to both types of soil, the highest impact was on Ni, followed by Zn, Cu, and Cr, respectively. The bioavailable index (BI) value was the least when adding sepiolite. The risk of heavy metals moving to the biosystem was lower when increasing the incubation time. Without adding any clay mineral, the BI value of metals in the sandy clay loam soil was higher than that in the clay soil.
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