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Postharvest detection of anthracnose (Colletotrichum asianum) on mango fruit (Mangifera indica L. cv Namdokmai Sithong) using near-infrared response
(2026-12-01)
Junto, Apiwat
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Phanomsophon, Thitima
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Sharma, Sneha
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Kaewsorn, Kannapot
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Jongyingcharoen, Jiraporn Sripinyowanich
Anthracnose disease, caused by fungi of the genus Colletotrichum, poses a major threat to mango production and export industries, with Colletotrichum asianum being among the most significant pathogenic species. This work proposes the hypothesis that the simple difference in absorption between anthracnose-infected and noninfected mangoes illustrated by the average near-infrared (NIR) spectra obtained from hyperspectral images could be used for simple differentiation of the two groups. The method of depositing fungal spores by spraying the spores over the fruit surface, not a small area or specific point, allows for the number of spores per unit area to be harmonized and to detect infected or noninfected spores on every pixel of the mango surface using a hyperspectral imaging camera. Important wavelengths for differentiation included water bands of 970, 1190, and 1200 nm which resulted in the greatest difference in absorbance, and bands of chitin, the major component of the fungal cell wall; 1195 nm was the most important band. In addition, the vibration bands of 868 (protein in the fungal cell wall), 1134 (sugar and starch of the mango substrate), 1320 (NIR absorbers in the fungus-sprayed and mango substrate, not specifically defined) and 1069 nm (crystallinity and N-acetyl methyl groups in the fungal chitin and constituents of the mango), differed from each other. These wavelengths can be used for modelling, which can lead to high performance in quantifying the concentration of anthracnose and classifying the strength levels of anthracnose infection. The microbiological mechanism of anthracnose growth on infected mangoes corresponding to changes in the NIR spectrum during the 4 days after spore infection is comprehensively discussed. These results can aid in enhancing early detection and classification techniques for anthracnose-infected mangoes from noninfected mangoes using hyperspectral image sensors.
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Enhancing supply chain efficiency for air transport of horticultural products by simplified heat and mass transfer modelling
(2026-08-01)
Jantapirak, Suveena
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Duret, Steven
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Laguerre, Onrawee
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Denis, Alain
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Paviet Salomon, Yvanne
Maintaining temperature and quality stability of fresh horticultural products during air transportation is challenging due to highly variable thermal environments and limited airflow inside Unit Load Device (ULD) containers. This study developed a simplified three-dimensional heat and mass transfer model to predict product temperature and moisture evolution within a ULD container under realistic operating conditions. Plaster mangoes were used to avoid the variability of the real product properties. Convective heat transfer and three-directional thermal resistances were integrated into an unsteady heat balance model while the model parameters were calibrated using Monte Carlo simulation. A complementary mass transfer model, considering the ULD container as a closed moisture domain, was implemented to estimate product mass loss. Model performance was evaluated using cooling experiments under controlled conditions and field measurements in a ULD shipment from Bangkok to Paris by air transport. Simulated air and product temperatures showed good agreement with experimental data, with RMSE values below 3.5 °C. The model successfully captured the pronounced thermal load on top-layer boxes during tarmac exposure and the faster cooling of bottom boxes through conduction with the bottom wall during flight. Predicted mass loss (1.0-1.1%) also aligned with field data (1.1-1.2%). The model provides a practical tool for assessing the effects of operational and environmental conditions on fruit quality during air transport.
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Shelf-life extension of fresh-cut mango by coating with cactus extract
(2025-12-01)
Todhanakasem, Tatsaporn
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Eamsiriluck, Phuttipong
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Nimitr, Ronakit
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Suwapanich, Rachit
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Maleenont, Kamolnate Kitsawad
Edible coating of fresh-cut fruit with functional ingredients has been adopted recently as a practical technology for enhancing safety, nutritional, freshness, and sensory attributes. This research aims to spray-coat fresh-cut mango with extracts from two types of cactus (Opuntia dillenii and Opuntia ficus-indica) in combination with gelatin, glycerol, and fructooligosaccharide. The O. ficus-indica coating tended to provide significant improvements, with two times less weight loss than the control. Physicochemical assay results (total soluble solids, pH, percent citric acid, total phenolic content and firmness) also showed to maintain the quality of fresh-cut mango and hinder growth of microorganisms (10<sup>4</sup> CFU/ml with the coating versus 10<sup>5</sup> CFU/mL without) in fruit refrigerated at 4°C for ten days. Meanwhile, coating with O. dillenii extract significantly increased of phenolic content on day 10 of storage (785.94 µg GAE/g sample), which has potential health benefit as well as helping to extend the product's shelf life. In addition, it represented the highest potential in inhibiting the total color change during refrigerated storage. Both coatings had no effect on overall consumer liking when the sensory analysis was performed. Therefore, Opuntia cactus extracts have promise as components of a bioactive edible coating to improve the shelf life of fresh-cut mango and promote health benefits to consumers.
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Resistance to quinone-outside inhibitor (Qoi) fungicides in colletotrichum species isolated from anthracnose disease occurring in Thailand
(2020-01-01)
Kongtragoul, Pornprapa
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Imamoto, Kazuumi
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Ishii, Hideo
Colletotrichum species are plant pathogens causing anthracnose diseases in many crops that result in significant reduction of quality and quantity of the crop products. Management of these diseases has become increasingly difficult recently due to the development of fungicide resistance in pathogens. Thus, monitoring for fungicide sensitivity in the pathogen is important to manage these diseases. The isolates of Colletotrichum species were isolated from anthracnose disease on various crops collected during 2016-2017 in central and southern Thailand. They were tested for their mycelium growth sensitivity to azoxystrobin, a quinone-outside inhibitor (QoI) fungicide and their internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 5.8S regions of rDNA were analyzed. The results showed that eleven out of twenty four isolates of Colletotrichum species were resistant to azoxystrobin. They were able to grow on PDA amended with 100 mg/l azoxystrobin in the presence of salicylhydroxamic acid (SHAM) at 100 mg/l. Moreover, two isolates of azoxystrobin-resistant Colletotrichum spp. produced much larger lesions than azoxystrobin-sensitive isolates on mango fruits after treatment with 100 mg/l azoxystrobin. This is the first report on the occurrence of azoxystrobin resistance in Colletotrichum species present in Thailand and will contribute to the management of these important diseases in the future.
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Prolonging the postharvest life of fresh mangoes with a combination of edible coatings
(2020-01-01)
Sae-Tang, Nutrada
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Thompson, Anthony Keith
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Puttongsiri, Tongchai
The effects of edible coatings to the surface of mangoes on delaying their deterioration and their quality when ripe were to investigate. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for optimisation of the formulation of the coating. The mango cultivar selected was 'Nam Dok Mai Si Thong' and the three compounds used, were chitosan applied within the range of 0.5% to 1.5%, gum arabic applied within the range of 0% to 1.5% and rice bran oil applied within the range of 0% to 1.5%. The method proved successful with a desirability factor for weight loss, peel colour, total soluble solids: Titratable acidity (TSS:TA) ratio and ripening index, during storage, always in excess of 0.99 and a composite desirability factor of 0.992. It was concluded the optimum formulation for coating mangoes for short-term storage at Thai ambient temperatures was a combination of 1.5% chitosan, 1% gum arabic and 1% rice bran oil.
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Application of a vis-nir spectroscopic technique to measure the total soluble solids content of intact mangoes in motion on a belt conveyor
(2020-01-01)
Sharma, Sneha
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Sirisomboon, Panmanas
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Pornchaloempong, Pimpen
To date, different approaches have been applied to measure the internal parameters of mangoes by destructive and non-destructive techniques. Recently, real-time evaluation of the internal parameters has become important assessment for fruits in high demand. This research aims to develop an online prototype system to measure the total soluble solids (TSS) in mangoes using a fiber optic diode array Visible-Near Infrared (Vis-NIR) spectrometer on a conveyor belt. Spectra were acquired in a wavelength range from 400–1000 nm. The diffuse reflectance spectra of mangoes were subjected to several preprocessing techniques such as moving average smoothing (MAS), standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), baseline offset and normalization before model development. The spectral information and corresponding TSS values were used to establish a linear relationship by partial least squares (PLS) regression. Spectra in three wavelength ranges of 400–1000 nm, 600–1000 nm, and 700–1000 nm were used for the model development. Baseline offset combined with MAS showed effective transformation of spectra at a wavelength of 600– 1000 nm. The optimum model was obtained by an external validation technique with a correlation coefficient of calibration set and a prediction set of 0.80 and 0.74, respectively. The root mean square error of the calibration (RMSEC), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and bias were 0.690%, 0.765%, and 0.061%, respectively. The statistical results from PLS regression indicated the feasibility of using the online conveyor system for grading the fruit according to the TSS.

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