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    Influence of heat treatment on antioxidant capacity and color of thai red curry paste
    (2011-01-01)
    Inchuen, Sudathip
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    Narkrugsa, Woatthichai
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    Tungkananuruk, Kanita
    Thai red curry paste contains several herbs and spices well known for their health benefits. The objective of this research was to study the effects of heat treatment on the antioxidant capacity (total phenolic content (TPC) and its antioxidant activity) and colors of Thai red curry paste. The paste was subjected to heat treatment at different temperatures (60, 75, 90, 105 and 120°C) and for different times (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 min). The TPC was determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method and its antioxidant activity was elucidated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidative power (FRAP) assays and expressed as Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC). Thai red curry paste color was expressed as Hunter L, a, b values. Results showed that heat treatment had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on the TPC, antioxidant activity and color. The samples treated at 120°C had higher TPC and antioxidant activity than the untreated samples. The color parameter L values of red curry paste increased when the sample was heated higher than 60°C, while color parameters a and b were not different for most of the heated samples.
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    Development of salt-sensing system for jellyfish desalting process
    In the seafood industry, a large amount of salt is added to preserve seafood products. During processing, it is necessary to desalt the products for the sake of customers' health. Unlike a large-scale factory, many small enterprises lack tools and methods for desalting and measuring the efficiency of the desalting process. We have developed a rapid prototype salt-sensing system that can measure the desalting efficiency. Dried salted jellyfish are used as testing materials to evaluate the system. The rapid prototype comprises a microcontroller, a wire, and a liquid crystal display. Using a simple mapping between electrical conductivity and actual data obtained from the measurement of samples, the sensing system is successfully calibrated. A method of desalting the salted jellyfish material is also proposed. This desalting method and the newly developed simple sensing system for the desalting process are expected to make a significant contribution to the seafood processing industry.
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    Evaluation of Precision and Sensitivity of Back Extrusion Test for Measuring Textural Qualities of Cooked Germinated Brown Rice in Production Process
    (2023-08-01)
    Kaewsorn, Kannapot
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    Maichoon, Pisut
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    Krusong, Warawut
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    The textural qualities of cooked rice may be understood as a dominant property and indicator of eating quality. In this study, we evaluated the precision and sensitivity of a back extrusion (BE) test for the texture of cooked germinated brown rice (GBR) in a production process. BE testing of the textural properties of cooked GBR rice showed a high precision of measurement in hardness, toughness and stickiness tests which indicated by the repeatability and reproductivity test but the sensitivity indicated by coefficient of variation of the texture properties. The findings of our study of the effects on cooked GBR texture of different soaking and incubation durations in the production of Khao Dawk Mali 105 (KDML 105) GBR, as measured by BE testing, confirmed that our original protocol for evaluation of the precision and sensitivity of this texture measurement method. The coefficients of determination (R<sup>2</sup>) of hardness, toughness and stickiness tests and the incubation time at after 48 hours of soaking were 0.82, 0.81 and 0.64, respectively. The repeatability and reproducibility of reliable measurements, which have a low standard deviation of the greatest difference between replicates, are considered to indicate high precision. A high coefficient of variation where relatively wide variations in the absolute value of the property can be detected indicates high sensitivity when small resolutions can be detected, and vice versa. The sensitivity of the BE tests for stickiness, toughness and hardness all ranked higher, in that order, than the sensitivity of the method for adhesiveness, which ranked lowest. The coefficients of variation of these texture parameters were 31.26, 20.59, 19.41 and 18.72, respectively. However, the correlation coefficients among the texture properties obtained by BE testing were not related to the precision or sensitivity of the test. By obtaining these results, we verified that our original protocol for the determination of the precision and sensitivity of food texture measurements which was successfully used for GBR texture measurement.
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    Mass-volume-area properties of frozen Skipjack tuna
    This study investigates the physical properties of Skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), including weight, size, volume, apparent density, surface and projected area, and the correlation between these parameters. An analysis of the physical characteristics of the Skipjack tuna suggests that its shape can be broken down into three main sections: the head, the center, and the tail. The central section of Skipjack tuna can be considered a barrel shape with an elliptical cross section, whereas the head and tail can be considered cones with elliptical bases. Linear regression analyses between fish weight and other geometric properties revealed a significant correlation (R<sup>2</sup> = 0.74-0.97) to volume, projected area (side and top view), length, width (measured at the thickest part), and perimeter (measured at the thickest part). The results from this systematic analysis could be used in the design of new processes and equipment for Skipjack tuna processing. © 2012 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.
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    Optimization of quality retention in conduction-heating foods of conical shape
    (2003-01-01) ;
    Balaban, M. O.
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    Teixeira, A. A.
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    Chau, K. V.
    A cone frustrum is an alternative shape of packaging thermally processed foods that can be useful in modeling the increasing number of microwaveable, ready-to-eat conical-shaped food containers seen on supermarket shelves. Thermal processing in a cone frustum can be optimized by using numerical models for heat transfer to predict temperature distribution profiles, together with thermal destruction kinetics of target organisms and nutrient/quality factors. Iso-lethality curves, showing combinations of process time and retort temperature that deliver equal lethality, were developed for each of three different cone frustum geometries (different dimensional proportions of major and minor diameters and height). Total volume average quality retention was determined for equivalent process time-temperature combinations for quality factors with assumed thermal degradation kinetic parameters (D and Z-values). Response of quality retention to the equivalent process combinations (designated by their retort temperature) revealed optimum process conditions that delivered maximum quality retention. The effect of kinetic parameters, thermal properties, and surface heat transfer coefficient on quality retention response to equivalent process conditions was also studied and compared with findings reported in the literature for the case of more traditional finite cylinder shapes.
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    A preliminary study on classification of mango maturity by compression test
    (2008-01-01) ;
    Boonmung, Suwanee
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    Pithuncharurnlap, Manat
    A preliminary study toward the design of a firmness tester suitable for mango maturity classification was conducted through an experiment consisting of two parts: (1) probe selection, followed by (2) evaluation of the selected probe in mango maturity classification using a texture analyzer. This resulted in a technique based on the firmness of the fruit measured by a compression test with a maximum force of 3N using a 5mm diameter spherical stainless steel probe. This technique demonstrated the possibility of classifying the maturity of mangoes into two different stages, i.e., 60% and 80% of full ripeness. However, it could not detect the difference between 60% and 70% of full ripeness or between 70% and 80% of full ripeness.
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    Mangosteen Pericarp Processing Technology to Create Economic Value and Reduce Biowaste
    (2024-07-01)
    Soontornwat, Alisa
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    Pongsuttiyakorn, Thadchapong
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    This research comparatively investigates different mangosteen pericarp processing schemes. The experimental pericarp processing schemes were hot air drying (HAD; control), quick freezing/HAD (QF + HAD), slow freezing/HAD (SF + HAD), and slow freezing/freeze-drying (SF + FD). For freezing, the QF temperature was −38 °C for 2 h and that of SF was −25 °C for 2 weeks. For drying, the HAD temperature was 60 °C for 7 h. In the FD process, the primary and secondary temperatures were −20 °C and 50 °C for 48 h. The experimental results showed that the freezing method (i.e., QF and SF) affected the physical properties (moisture content, water activity, and color) of dried mangosteen pericarp. The antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS) of the SF + HAD scheme (28.20 and 26.86 mg Trolox/g DW of mangosteen pericarp) were lower than the SF + FD scheme (40.68 and 41.20 mg Trolox/g DW of mangosteen pericarp). The α-mangostin contents were 82.3 and 78.9 mg/g DW of mangosteen pericarp for FD and HAD, respectively; and the corresponding TPC were 1065.57 and 783.24 mg GAE/g DW of mangosteen pericarp. The results of this study suggest that the drying process had a negligible effect on bioactive compounds. Essentially, the SF + HAD technology is the most operationally and economically viable scheme to process mangosteen pericarp.
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    Application of a vis-nir spectroscopic technique to measure the total soluble solids content of intact mangoes in motion on a belt conveyor
    (2020-01-01)
    Sharma, Sneha
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    To date, different approaches have been applied to measure the internal parameters of mangoes by destructive and non-destructive techniques. Recently, real-time evaluation of the internal parameters has become important assessment for fruits in high demand. This research aims to develop an online prototype system to measure the total soluble solids (TSS) in mangoes using a fiber optic diode array Visible-Near Infrared (Vis-NIR) spectrometer on a conveyor belt. Spectra were acquired in a wavelength range from 400–1000 nm. The diffuse reflectance spectra of mangoes were subjected to several preprocessing techniques such as moving average smoothing (MAS), standard normal variate (SNV), multiplicative scatter correction (MSC), baseline offset and normalization before model development. The spectral information and corresponding TSS values were used to establish a linear relationship by partial least squares (PLS) regression. Spectra in three wavelength ranges of 400–1000 nm, 600–1000 nm, and 700–1000 nm were used for the model development. Baseline offset combined with MAS showed effective transformation of spectra at a wavelength of 600– 1000 nm. The optimum model was obtained by an external validation technique with a correlation coefficient of calibration set and a prediction set of 0.80 and 0.74, respectively. The root mean square error of the calibration (RMSEC), root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) and bias were 0.690%, 0.765%, and 0.061%, respectively. The statistical results from PLS regression indicated the feasibility of using the online conveyor system for grading the fruit according to the TSS.
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    Evaluation of the salt content of canned sardines in tomato ketchup by diffuse reflection near infrared spectroscopy
    (2014-01-01) ; ;
    Ramsiri, Peerawat
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    Pongkuan, Skaow
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    Srikornkarn, Sarocha
    This research aimed to determine the salt content of canned sardines in tomato sauce using NIR spectroscopy compared with traditional methods employing an auto-titrator, which are more consuming in terms of time and chemicals used. Scanning of NIR radiation was performed using an FT-NIR spectrometer with a wavenumber range of 12,500-4000 cm<sup>-1</sup> (800-2500 nm) with the diffuse reflection mode. Model development was achieved using partial least-squares regression from three groups of samples, which were the sample group that included salt-adjusted samples, the sample group that did not include salt-adjusted samples and the sample group that included only salt-adjusted samples plus five non-salt-adjusted samples. The model from the sample group that did not include salt-adjusted samples used the first derivative + straight-line subtraction spectra between 9403.8 cm<sup>-1</sup> and 4242.9 cm<sup>-1</sup> with nine partial least-squares factors providing the lowest root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP), with a coefficient of determination of calibration (R<sup>2</sup>) of 0.90, root mean square error of estimation of 0.039%, coefficient of determination for prediction (r<sup>2</sup>) of 0.85, RMSEP of 0.046%, average error of prediction (bias) of -0.002% and ratio of standard error of validation to the standard deviation of 2.58. The sample group that included salt-adjusted samples had a skewed distribution. The model returned an RMSEP of 0.109% on test samples, but the performance-to-interquartile range index indicated that this was a poor calibration. For the smaller salt-adjusted samples plus five non-salt-adjusted samples, cross-validation indicated the potential to evaluate salt in canned sardines (root mean square error of cross-validation = 0.158%). It was found that the vibration of water had an effect on the prediction accuracy as well as the vibration of starch and protein. In addition, the CONH<inf>2</inf> and CO<inf>2</inf>H groups, which are common amino acid functional groups, also showed an effect. These findings represent novel findings concerning the use of NIR spectroscopy to determine salt that has no signal of its own in the NIR region.
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    Instrumental textural properties of mango (cv Nam Doc Mai) at commercial harvesting time
    Mango fruit (Mangifera indica L., cv Nam Doc Mai number 4) of three different sizes, were evaluated for their instrumental texture properties, in accordance with the exporter requirements at commercial harvesting time. The size classification of mangoes was determined by the mass of the fruit. The large size weighed more than 351 g, the medium size 330-350 g, and the small size 260-329 g. The results of deformation at a force of 20 N, energy of absorption from a compression test and the average hardness from puncture tests varied for the different sizes. The large size showed firmer and more elastic in relation to the compression force, as well as the hardest and most rigid in response to the puncture force. The peel and flesh strengths of large, medium, and small sizes at the commercial harvesting date did not differ with bio-yield force, which indicated that the strength of the flesh under the peel was very close to the rupture force, which indicated the strength of peel. Examples of the applications of these properties for postharvest handling are described. Copyright © Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.