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Effect of Kam Kung alga (Chara corallina Willdenow) on the growth performance and oxidative defense of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
(2023-09-01)
Chankaew, W.
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Yangthong, M.
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Srichanan, M.
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Chankaew, S.
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Ngamphongsai, C.
The result showed that the survival rate and FCR of the fish fed with algal inclusion diets at 7.5 and 10.0% were significantly differed (p<0.05) as compared to the control group. While, the fish fed with algal inclusion diets at 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0% were significantly differed in protein efficiency ratio of fish from control group (p<0.05). The percentage of protein content in fish carcass fed with experimental diets at 7.5 and 10.0% were significantly higher than the control group (p<0.05). All groups that received alga supplement did not show significant change in the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in liver. At 2.5% inclusion found to be low lipid oxidation which was 96.39±13.08 nmol MDA/g liver. It was significantly differed (p<0.05) from the fish fed with the diets supplemented with algal powder at 5.0, 7.5 and 10.0 % which were 125.32±17.88, 122.24±18.50 and 122.52±25.60 nmol MDA/g liver, respectively. Glutathione and specific glutathione activity of fish fed with algal inclusion diets at 0 and 10.0% were significantly differed (p<0.05) as 91.34±30.42 and 164.26±41.50 nmol GSH/mL and 94.99±36.75 and 162.12±48.97 mmol GSH/mg protein, respectively. These findings indicated that the fish fed with 7.5% algal supplemented tended to optimal feed level for growth performance when evaluated at the 4th months and C. corallina led to increase the level of glutathione in liver of Nile tilapia.
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Cellulase pretreated palm decanter cake for feeding of black soldier fly larvae in triggering bioaccumulation of protein and lipid into biodiesel productions
(2022-10-01)
Jing Lim, Jia
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Seng Liew, Chin
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Raksasat, Ratchaprapa
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Merican, Zulkifli M.A.
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Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan
For every ton of palm oil produced, approximately 0.2 tons of palm decanter cake (PDC) waste is generated. Hence, there is a huge opportunity to valorize this organic waste, i.e., via the deployment of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), which has been widely employed to convert various organic wastes into larval proteins and lipids. However, the PDC is mainly made up of lignocellulosic materials that are hard to digest by the BSFL. Therefore, this work attempted to grow BSFL in cellulase-pretreated PDC; thereby, providing an alternative solution to manage PDC waste. Results had shown that the cellulase pretreatment was effective in breaking down cellulose into glucose molecules, especially with higher cellulase dosage and longer treatment duration of up until 48 h. Subsequently, the maximum BSFL growth was found at 6.56 ± 2.69 mg/larva when being fed with PDC pre-treated by 1.0 wt% of cellulase for 72 h; which was about 4 mg higher than the controlled larva. Using a similar substrate, the highest protein yield and lipid yield from BSFL were attained at 1.63 ± 0.11 mg/larva (22.4 wt%) and 5.12 ± 1.01 mg/larva (69.9 wt%), respectively. In terms of biodiesel quality, a huge presence of saturated fatty acids had made the BSFL-based biodiesel oxidatively stable.
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Rhizopus oligosporus-assisted valorization of coconut endosperm waste by black soldier fly larvae for simultaneous protein and lipid to biodiesel production
(2021-02-01)
Wong, Chung Yiin
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Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan
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Kiatkittipong, Worapon
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Lim, Jun Wei
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Lam, Man Kee
Coconut endosperm waste (CEW) was treated by Rhizopus oligosporus via in situ and ex situ fermentations together with bioconversion into valuable black soldier fly larval biomass. The ex situ fermentation could overall enrich the nutritional compositions of CEW by hydrolyzing its complex organic polymers and exuding assimilable nutrients to enhance the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) growth. Nevertheless, the larval gut bacteria were competing with Rhizopus oligosporus in in situ fermentation, derailing the hydrolysis processes and larval growth. Accordingly, the highest growth rates achieved were around 0.095 g/day, as opposed to only 0.065 g/day whilst using 0.5 wt% of Rhizopus oligosporus to perform ex situ and in situ fermentations, respectively. These were also underpinned by the greater amount of total CEW consumed when employing ex situ fermentation, with comparable metabolic costs to feeding on in situ-fermented CEW. The mature BSFL were subsequently harvested and the amounts of protein and lipid produced were assessed in terms of their feasibility for biodiesel production. While the statistical analyses showed that the larval protein yields derived from both fermentation modes were insignificant, the BSFL could attain higher lipid and protein productivities upon feeding with ex situ-rather than in situ-fermented CEW mediums. Better yet, the larval biodiesel quality measured in terms of the fatty acid methyl ester composition were not varied significantly by Rhizopus oligosporus through the fermentation process. Thereby, the presence of 1.0 wt% Rhizopus oligosporus was considered optimum to perform ex situ fermentation, giving rise to the acceptable growth of BSFL loaded with the highest lipid yield and productivity for producing biodiesel and protein simultaneously.
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Blended sewage sludge–palm kernel expeller to enhance the palatability of black soldier fly larvae for biodiesel production
(2021-02-01)
Raksasat, Ratchaprapa
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Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan
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Kiatkittipong, Worapon
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Wong, Chung Yiin
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Lam, Man Kee
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) have been employed for valorizing organic waste materials as the larvae are able to consume organic waste and transform it into valuable larval biomass. In this study, BSFL were found to potentially reduce blended sewage sludge. The addition of palm kernel expeller (PKE) fortified the protein and lipid content in blended sewage sludge substrates, leading to larval growth enhancement. In addition, the larval weight also influenced the lipid yield and fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) profile. However, the optimum ratio of sewage sludge to PKE had to be determined as excess PKE content could become a threat to larval growth by contributing to the reduction of non-fiber carbohydrates content in the feed, thereby resulting in the decrease in lipid yield and FAME content. In this work, a sewage sludge to PKE ratio of 2:3 proffered the highest larval weight gained at 46.99 ± 2.09 mg/larva. Meanwhile, a proportion of 3:2 of sewage sludge to PKE was able provide the highest lipid yield of 17 ± 1.77%. Furthermore, the FAME profile revealed the presence of a significant amount of saturated and monosaturated fatty acids, indicating a good quality biodiesel. Thus, BSFL-based biodiesel fed with blended sewage sludge and PKE could be utilized for producing a high quality biodiesel. However, further improvement on the amount of lipid yield and FAME content should be further investigated.
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Comparative performances of microalgal-bacterial co-cultivation to bioremediate synthetic and municipal wastewaters whilst producing biodiesel sustainably
(2020-11-01)
Leong, Wai Hong
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Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan
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Kiatkittipong, Worapon
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Cheng, Yoke Wang
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Lam, Man Kee
The potentiality of a microalgal-bacterial culture system was explored in bioremediating wastewater while generating biomass for biodiesel production. A pre-determined optimal activated sludge and microalgal ratio was adopted and cultivation performance was evaluated in both synthetic and municipal wastewater media for nitrogen removal along with biomass and lipid generation for biodiesel production. The microalgal-bacterial consortium grown in the municipal wastewater medium produced higher biomass and lipid yields than those in the synthetic wastewater medium. The presence of trace elements in the municipal wastewater medium, e.g., iron and copper, contributed to the upsurge of biomass, thereby leading to higher lipid productivity. Both the microbial cultures in the synthetic and municipal wastewater media demonstrated similar total nitrogen removal efficiencies above 97%. However, the nitrification and assimilation rates were relatively higher for the microbial culture in the municipal wastewater medium, corresponding to the higher microbial biomass growth. Accordingly, the feasibility of the microalgal-bacterial consortium for bioremediating real municipal wastewaters was attested in this study by virtue of higher biomass and lipid production. The assessment of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) composition showed the mixed microbial biomasses comprised 80–93% C16 to C18 FAME species, signifying efficient fuel combustion properties for quality biodiesel requirements.
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A review on insights for green production of unconventional protein and energy sources derived from the larval biomass of black soldier fly
(2020-05-01)
Hasnol, Sabrina
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Kiatkittipong, Kunlanan
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Kiatkittipong, Worapon
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Wong, Chung Yiin
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Khe, Cheng Seong
The purpose of this review is to reveal the lipid and protein contents in black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) for the sustainable production of protein and energy sources. It has been observed from studies in the literature that the larval lipid and protein contents vary with the rearing conditions as well as the downstream processing employed. The homogenous, heterogenous and microbial-treated substrates via fermentation are used to rear BSFL and are compared in this review for the simultaneous production of larval protein and biodiesel. Moreover, the best moisture content and the aeration rate of larval feeding substrates are also reported in this review to enhance the growth of BSFL. As the downstream process after harvesting starts with larval inactivation, various related methods have also been reviewed in relation to its impact on the quality/quantity of larval protein and lipids. Subsequently, the other downstream processes, namely, extraction and transesterification to biodiesel, are finally epitomized from the literature to provide a comprehensive review for the production of unconventional protein and lipid sources from BSFL feedstock. Incontrovertibly, the review accentuates the great potential use of BSFL biomass as a green source of protein and lipids for energy production in the form of biodiesel. The traditional protein and energy sources, preponderantly fishmeal, are unsustainable naturally, pressingly calling for immediate substitutions to cater for the rising demands. Accordingly, this review stresses the benefits of using BSFL biomass in detailing its production from upstream all the way to downstream processes which are green and economical at the same time.
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Nutrients formulation to maximize Ankistrodesmus sp. microalgal cell biomass and lipid productivities
(2019-01-01)
Pan-utai, Wanida
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Srinophakun, Penjit
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Inrung, Wilasinee
Ankistrodesmus sp. belongs to a group of microalgae which plays a significant role in various applications. Availability of nutrients is one of the primary factors regulating the growth and development of microalgae. Twelve experiments were run to determine the optimum media formulation of significant nutrient components for maximum biomass and lipid productivities of Ankistrodesmus sp. IFRPD 1061 cultivation using Plackett-Burman design. All nutrients significantly affected biomass productivity. Highest lipid productivity may not only necessarily originate from biomass cells with highest lipid content but also depend on nutrient formulation of culture media. Microalgal cell growth rate plays a major role in biomass and lipid production. Some nutrients including phosphorus and sodium did not significantly affect lipid productivity, therefore, optimizing nutrient contents could be applied to further scale-up microalgal production.
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Effect of media and salinity on lipid content of cyanobacterium Hapalosiphon sp
(2014-01-01)
Ruangsomboon, Suneerat
The aim of the present work was to study the individual effect of media constituents: sodium nitrate, di-potassium hydrogen orthophosphate, ferric ammonium citrate and salinity on lipid production by Hapalosiphon sp. which cultured in BG-11 medium, in view of its possible utilization as novel raw materials for biodiesel production. Lipid content of Hapalosiphon sp. cultivated in medium containing 1, 500 mg/L sodium nitrate was 15. 78±0. 51%. Indeed, the highest lipid yield of 0. 063 g/L was found in a medium containing 375 mg/L sodium nitrate. The highest lipid content of Hapalosiphon sp. cultivated in medium containing 10 mg/L di-potassium hydrogen orthophosphate was 11. 50±0. 45%, while the highest lipid yield of 0. 044 g/L were occurred in a medium containing 20 mg/L di-potassium hydrogen orthophosphate. In various ferric ammonium citrate concentrations cultivation, the highest lipid content of Hapalosiphon sp. cultivated in a medium containing 9 mg/L ferric ammonium citrate was 12. 64±0. 38%. However, the highest lipid yield of 0. 063 g/L occurred in a medium containing 12 mg/L ferric ammonium citrate. The significantly highest lipid content and lipid productivity of Hapalosiphon sp. cultivated in salinity 10 ppt were 9. 95±0. 34% and 0. 049 g/L respectively.
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Effect of light, nutrient, cultivation time and salinity on lipid production of newly isolated strain of the green microalga, Botryococcus braunii KMITL 2
(2012-04-01)
Ruangsomboon, Suneerat
The green microalga strain, Botryococcus braunii KMITL 2, was isolated from a freshwater reservoir in central Thailand, and the effects of light, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, cultivation time and salinity on lipid production were studied by varying parameters one at a time. When cultured in Chlorella medium containing 222mgL -1 phosphorus (PO43--P) under continuous illumination of 200μEm -2s -1 with a salinity of 0psu, a maximum lipid content of 54.69±3.13% was obtained. Its high lipid content makes strain KMITL 2 a potential source for biodiesel production in tropical regions. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.
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Activity of virgin coconut oil, lauric acid or monolaurin in combination with lactic acid against Staphylococcus aureus
(2012-01-01)
Tangwatcharin, Pussadee
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Khopaibool, Prapaporn
The objective of this study was to investigate the in vitro activities of virgin coconut oil, lauric acid and monolaurin in combination with lactic acid against two strains of Staphylococcus aureus, ATCC 25923 and an isolate from a pig carcass, by determination of Fractional Bactericidal Concentration Index (FBCI), time-kill method, as well as scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC) of lauric acid, monolaurin and lactic acid were 3.2 mg/ml, 0.1 mg/ml and 0.4% (v/v), respectively. The effects of lauric acid + lactic acid and monolaurin + lactic acid combinations were synergistic against both strains, exhibiting FBCIs of 0.25 and 0.63, respectively. In time-kill studies, lauric acid and monolaurin + lactic acid combinations added at their minimum inhibitory concentrations produced a bactericidal effect. The induction of stress in non-stressed cells was dependent on the type and concentration of antimicrobial. This resulted in a loss and change of the cytoplasm and membrane in cells of the bacterium. In contrast, virgin coconut oil (10%) was not active against S. aureus. The bacterial counts found in pork loin treated with lauric acid and monolaurin alone were significantly higher (p <0.05) than those treated with both lipids in combination with lactic acid at sub-inhibitory concentrations. The color, odor and overall acceptability of the pork loins were adversely affected by treatment with the three lipids and lactic acid alone but when combinations of the agents were used the sensory quality was acceptable.

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