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    Foldable paper-based analytical device for membraneless gas-separation and determination of iodate based on fluorescence quenching of gold nanoclusters
    (2021-01-01)
    Lert-itthiporn, Aurachat
    ;
    Srikritsadawong, Pongpichet
    ;
    Choengchan, Nathawut
    A new design of a paper-based analytical device (PAD) for membraneless gas-separation with subsequent determination of iodate is presented. The rectangular PAD was invented as the folded pattern, where two circular reservoirs: the donor reservoir and the acceptor reservoir were situated in “a single paper” for convenient use. The hydrophobic barrier of each reservoir was easily fabricated by painting with a permanent marker. The PAD was demonstrated for the quantitative analysis of iodate, based on the fluorescence quenching of the bovine serum albumin-stabilized gold nanoclusters (BSA-AuNCs). The BSA-AuNCs were fast prepared by a microwave-assisted approach. The nanoclusters solution was applied into the acceptor reservoir, while the sample, iodide and sulfuric acid were sequentially aliquoted into the donor reservoir. After folding the PAD, the donor and the acceptor were mounted together via a two-sided mounting tape. The headspace between the two reservoirs allows membraneless gas-separation of free iodine from the donor to diffuse into the acceptor. Etching of gold core of the nanoclusters in the acceptor resulted in quenching of the red emission, was monitored by two methods, i.e. “fluorometric detection” (λ<inf>ex</inf>: 490 nm, λ<inf>em</inf>: 630 nm) and “image capture” of the acceptor under the UV irradiation by a smart phone's camera. Two calibrations were plotted accordingly to their detections and good linearities (r<sup>2</sup> ˃ 0.98) were observed from 0.005 to 0.1 mmol L<sup>−1</sup> iodate. High accuracy (mean recovery: 95.1 (±4.6) %) and high precision (RSD < 3%) were obtained. The lower limits of detection were 0.005 mmol L<sup>−1</sup> (with fluorometric detection) and 0.01 mmol L<sup>−1</sup> (with image capture). The method was effectively applied for the measurement of iodate in iodized salts and fish sauces without prior sample pre-treatment.
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    Simple and green method for direct quantification of hypochlorite in household bleach with membraneless gas-separation microfluidic paper-based analytical device
    (2018-09-01)
    Sitanurak, Jirayu
    ;
    Wangdi, Nidup
    ;
    Sonsa-ard, Thitaporn
    ;
    Teerasong, Saowapak
    ;
    Amornsakchai, Taweechai
    This work presents development of a microfluidic paper-based analytical device (µPAD) for direct determination of hypochlorite in household bleach. The recent design of a membraneless gas-separation microfluidic paper-based analytical device (MBL-GS µPAD) was employed to fabricate the hypochlorite-µPAD. Chlorine gas is generated in the µPAD via acidification of an aliquot of sample loaded on to the donor reservoir located at the bottom layer of the μPAD. The liberated chlorine gas diffuses through the air space to oxidize iodide ion previously impregnated in the acceptor reservoir at the top layer of the μPAD, leading to formation of the brown color of the tri-iodide ions. Digital image of the brown zone was captured at exactly 5 min after loading the acid. Image J program is used for analysis of the image for quantification of the hypochlorite in unit of g Cl<inf>2</inf> L<sup>−1</sup>. It was found that employing a relatively large volume of the air space (ca. 270 µL) direct analysis of the high concentration of hypochlorite in the bleach was achieved without prior dilution. The method thus provides a linear working range of 25–100 g Cl<inf>2</inf> L<sup>−1</sup>, which is suitable for most commercial household products. The calibration line has a coefficient of determination of 0.999. The precision of measurements is 0.96% RSD and 0.30% RSD at 30 g Cl<inf>2</inf> L<sup>−1</sup> and 80 g Cl<inf>2</inf> L<sup>−1</sup> (n = 10), respectively. Using the paired t-test (P = 0.05, n = 8), the method agreed well with the iodometric titration method. Our μPAD for hypochlorite is portable and cost-effective. The method is also “green” since there is a significant reduction in use of reagents compared to other conventional methods.