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An assessment of technical feasibility and interannual variability for utility scale wind energy development at five favourable locations in Myanmar
(2026-12-01)
Htike, Thein Min
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Soe, Paing Hein
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Phyo, Mi Zwe Mon
Myanmar’s projected electricity demand of 14.542 GW by 2030 and its Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) underscore the necessity of diversifying the national energy mix to enhance environmental sustainability. Solar and wind energy are targeted to contribute 9% of the total installed capacity. Consequently, a reliable assessment of renewable resources is essential for guiding investment and policy decisions. Although prior studies have mapped wind speed and power density, detailed analyses of the spatial and temporal variability of wind resources for energy production remain limited. This study evaluates wind conditions using 2010–2017 ERA5 data, focusing on mean wind speed, power density, predominant wind direction, and temporal variations at yearly, seasonal, monthly, and diurnal scales. Crucially, this work extends traditional assessments by quantifying wind persistence through autocorrelation and evaluating the Interannual Variability (IAV) of Annual Energy Production (AEP) to assess meteorological risks. Five potential locations were selected for detailed analysis using two utility-scale turbines. Annually, hours with wind speeds exceeding 6 m/s account for 23.21–35.08%, while hours with wind speeds exceeding 4 m/s represent 50.26–64.29%. Results identify Ngapudaw (Ayeyarwaddy) as the most favorable site, with an average AEP of 5.05 GWh, a capacity factor of 23.08%, and a moderate risk profile (7.83% IAV). While coastal site Sittwe exhibits high energy potential, it also presents greater interannual fluctuations (9.10% IAV); in contrast, inland sites like Wundwin offer exceptionally stable resources with an IAV < 5%. This quantitative assessment confirms the technical viability of wind power in Myanmar and supports further exploration of site-specific opportunities to expand renewable energy deployment. These findings provide a foundational justification for stakeholders, including investors and policymakers, to advance wind farm development, contributing to Myanmar’s environmental protection and sustainability goals in alignment with UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and 13 (Climate Action).
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Biodiesel production from spent coffee grounds via ethanolic extraction and supercritical ethanol transesterification: technoeconomic analysis and life cycle assessment
(2026-01-01)
Supang, Wirasinee
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Ngamprasertsith, Somkiat
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Nimmanterdwong, Prathana
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Sakdasri, Winatta
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Hunsub, Panusorn
Previous studies have developed biodiesel production methods from spent coffee grounds (SCGs) via ethanolic extraction and supercritical ethanol transesterification (EE-SET) to minimize the energy consumption associated with solvent evaporation. In this study, we perform a technoeconomic analysis (TEA) and a life cycle assessment (LCA) to evaluate the profitability and sustainability of EE-SET. The material and energy balances in the TEA and LCA were derived from Aspen Plus<sup>®</sup> V12 based on experimental data from previous research. The results from the base case indicated that EE-SET was unprofitable and posed a considerable environmental burden by disposing of defatted SCG (DSCG) as solid waste due to two main issues. First, the amount of DSCG was 4.8 times greater than the total biodiesel and glycerol produced. Second, landfilling DSCG incurred waste treatment costs and induced greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions simultaneously. Selling DSCG as a feedstock for solid fuel pellets offers an effective strategy for achieving profitability and sustainability. As such, EE-SET addresses the economic drawback of generating profit from selling DSCG while reducing waste treatment costs. Using DSCG as a solid fuel for environmental benefits increases ash disposal credit and substantially reduces GHG emissions. The incorporation of pelletizing units or biomass power plants into EE-SET represents a promising avenue for future research.
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Impact of different agricultural biomass residues on the performance of continuous solar-steam gasification
(2025-11-02)
Chuayboon, Srirat
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Abanades, Stéphane
Solar-driven biomass gasification represents a promising avenue for sustainable carbon-neutral fuel production. Nevertheless, the types of raw biomass materials play a vital role in continuous solar gasification performance. In this study, continuous solar-steam gasification with various agricultural crop residues was experimentally carried out in a 1.5 kW<inf>th</inf> solar gasifier to investigate the influence of biomass types on performance and efficiency under different operating temperatures up to 1400 °C. Seven agricultural residues were used as feedstocks, including oil palm wastes (palm mesocarp fiber, palm empty fruit bunch, and palm kernel shell), bagasse, betel nut, coconut fiber, and rice husks. Results demonstrated that the system can effectively perform with all biomass types with high-quantity and high-quality syngas production. The process revealed exceptional performance and efficiency, including the total maximum syngas yield range of 67.9–81.5 mmol/g<inf>dry biomass</inf>, reaching 81.4–95.2 % of the theoretical total syngas yields, maximum energy upgrade factor (1.05–1.35), reaching 94.2–97.3 % of the theoretical values, and maximum carbon conversion (87.2–96.9 %). The feedstock types showed a significant influence on gasification outcomes. Palm oil empty fruit bunch, betel nut, and palm mesocarp fiber were promising candidates for solar gasification with their high volatile content and significant decomposition potential, followed by coconut fiber and bagasse. Nevertheless, palm kernel shell and rice husk were found to be unsuitable biomasses for continuous solar-steam gasification because of the issues of reduced gasification activity and reaction rate limitations, due to a high density for palm kernel shell and a high ash content for rice husk. A temperature of 1300 °C was recommended to carry out continuous solar-steam gasification, leading to the maximum solar-to-fuel energy conversion efficiency in the range 13.7–18.9 %. This study provides insights into the influence of agricultural residue types on the solar-steam gasification process, while assisting in the proper biomass residue selection for efficient continuous solar gasification.
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Financial feasibility of electric vehicle charging stations in Thailand: An analysis of operational models and energy costs
(2025-07-01)
Chiradeja, Pathomthat
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Sottiyaphai, Chayanut
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Ngaopitakkul, Atthapol
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Ananwattanaporn, Santipont
Despite the increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) and the associated charging stations, the variances in EV charging station models and diversity of energy costs have not been effectively studied to date. Therefore, this study examines the financial viability of EV charging stations in Thailand by analysing the effects of operational models, charger counts, and fluctuating energy costs. The profitability, payback periods, and investment returns of various types of EV charging stations are evaluated by combining financial analysis tools and historical energy cost data. The results indicate that small-scale charging stations with 1–3 chargers demonstrate superior financial viability, achieving internal rates of return (IRR) of 24.18–39.86 % and payback periods ranging from 3 to 4 years, depending on the tariff model. By contrast, stations with more than three chargers experience extended payback periods, with some configurations failing to recover investment within the project duration owing to increased capital expenditures and operational costs. This study also emphasises the critical role of dynamic energy pricing in the financial modelling of charging stations. Electricity costs vary significantly between conventional and low-priority stations, with energy costs for conventional stations being up to 23 % higher. The financial feasibility of EV charging stations in Thailand presents competitive advantages in terms of investment attractiveness and return on capital compared with higher energy cost regions with fewer financial incentives. The findings have significant implications for station operators, investors, and policymakers, highlighting the need for strategic planning and adaptive pricing strategies in EV charging infrastructure development.
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Biofuel upgrading via catalytic deoxygenation in trickle bed reactor: Crucial issue in selection of pressure regulator type
(2024-01-01)
Pongsiriyakul, Kanokthip
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Kiatkittipong, Worapon
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Lim, Jun Wei
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Najdanovic-Visak, Vesna
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Wongsakulphasatch, Suwimol
Trickle bed reactors (TBRs) are commonly used in various chemical and associated processes. The selection of a proper back pressure regulator (BPR) is crucial for maintaining the system's upstream pressure. In this study, we investigate the impact of BPR selection on deoxygenation reaction in a TBR with two typical types of BPR, including gas-phase type back pressure regulator (Gas-BPR) and multiphase type back pressure regulator (Multi-BPR). Notably, Gas-BPR introduces interruptions and pressure drops during the sampling step, impacting the hydrogen flow rate, while Multi-BPR ensures more consistent hydrogen flow. To examine the performance of BPR systems, hydrotreating experiments were conducted at 330 °C, 50 bar of hydrogen over Ni/γ-Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> catalyst using crude Pongamia pinnata oil as a feedstock and refined palm olein as a benchmark. Insignificant difference in the reaction performance between Multi-BPR and Gas-BPR systems was observed when using refined palm olein. Interestingly, there was a significant difference between the two systems when feeding with crude Pongamia pinnata oil. The multi-BPR system demonstrated superior performance, achieving 100% conversion of the feedstock over a prolonged period compared to the interrupted hydrogen flow in the Gas-BPR system. Further characterization of fresh and spent catalysts using N<inf>2</inf> sorption, XRD, SEM-EDS and TGA-DTG-DSC techniques revealed that a gum and coke formation was a reason for the rapid catalyst deactivation. Furthermore, the interrupted flow in the Gas-BPR system led to substantial gum production, ultimately causing a blockage in the reactor bed. Consequently, for feedstocks with high impurities, a robust continuous flow of hydrogen is essential. Thus, the study strongly recommends selecting Multi-BPR for continuous operation in TBRs to enhance efficiency and avoid catalyst deactivation.
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Synthetic Inertia-Power Sharing in High Renewable Power Grids Through Vehicle-to-Grid Topology
(2024-01-01)
Kerdphol, Thongchart
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Surinkaew, Tossaporn
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Ngamroo, Issarachai
With the increasing integration of renewable energy sources (RESs), the overall inertia of the power system is expected to decline. The remaining inertia is crucial for regulating system frequency and mitigating excessive rates of change. The deployment of dispatchable loads, such as electric vehicles (EVs), offers a promising solution. This paper presents a synchronized inertia support framework utilizing a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) system through its bidirectional chargers. This concept is realized by integrating a large-scale energy storage system (ESS) composed of controllable EVs into an enhanced inertia emulation structure. The synthetic inertia control strategy has been refined to account for EV user convenience and synchronized state of charge (SOC) management, facilitating synchronized inertia power sharing. This approach enhances the grid's dynamic performance and resilience. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively delivers rapid inertia support from the onboard ESS of EVs, improving frequency stability.
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Solid waste management by RDF production from landfilled waste to renewable fuel of Nonthaburi
(2023-09-01)
Rahothan, Udorn
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Khemkhao, Maneerat
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Kaewpengkrow, Prangtip Rittichote
A worldwide increase in waste production and energy demand as the world's population grows and consumes more resources: therefore, sustainable waste management strategies are important. The goal of this work is to research the guidelines for the appropriate RDF production and landfill waste management of the Nonthaburi province, Thailand. Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF) produced from landfilled Waste (LW) in Nonthaburi was investigated the physicochemical. The following procedure has implemented for the production of LW to RDF of 25 tons/hr of LW; (i) the LW was placed in a pre-shredder, which was followed by a primary crusher; (ii) metals were removed from the waste stream using a magnetic separator; (iii) the LW was transferred using a conveyor belt to a dynamic disc screen, where recyclable waste was separated into smaller sizes less than 80 mm.; (iv) the waste passed through an air separator to reject high-density materials (soil and glass); (v) the undesired material were separated manually, and (vi) the desired material were baled. RDF composition consisted of 78.16-67.93% plastics, 2.29-4.34% rubber, 1.27% wood, 1.53-2.19 % textile, and other (soil-like material) 12.19-26.72%. The proximate and elemental analysis of RDF was determined according to the ASTM method. The moisture content was reduced, and the heating value increased to 18.08-29.41 MJ/kg. The results suggested high carbon and low nitrogen content suitable for energy conversion. The separation can effectively convert LW to RDF, which can be applied as an alternative fuel. Therefore, RDF can contribute to a more sustainable and circular economy.
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Factors influencing consumer’s adoption of renewable energy
(2021-09-01)
Wall, William Philip
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Khalid, Bilal
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Urbański, Mariusz
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Kot, Michal
The objective of this study was to investigate the factors that influence the consumer adoption of renewable energy in Thailand. The study adopted an extended theory of planned behavior (TPB) by including three additional variables. The study applied a quantitative study methodology, with primary data collected using a survey of consumers in five major cities in Thailand. The data were analyzed using structural equation modeling (SEM). The findings of the study indicated that perception of self-effectiveness, environmental concern, renewable energy awareness, and beliefs about renewable energy benefits have a significant and positive effect on consumers’ intention to adopt renewable energy. The cost of renewable was found to have a negative but non-significant influence on consumers’ adoption of renewable energy, while risk/trust perception was found to have a positive but non-significant influence on consumers’ adoption of renewable energy. The study concluded that stakeholders should take into account the aspects of perception of self-effectiveness, environmental concern, renewable energy awareness, and beliefs about renewable energy benefits when running campaigns to promote the consumer adoption of renewable energy in Thailand.
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Limiting rice and sugarcane residue burning in Thailand: Current status, challenges and strategies
(2020-12-15)
Kumar, Ipsita
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Bandaru, Varaprasad
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Yampracha, Sukunya
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Sun, Laixiang
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Fungtammasan, Bundit
As population and consumption grow, so does crop production and its residue. Crop residue is traditionally burned in developing countries, which impacts environment, economy, society and health. Thailand faces similar challenges as it is among the largest producers of rice paddy and sugarcane in the world with 83% of its total burnt residue coming from these crops. To address this problem, the Government of Thailand has implemented some policies (e.g. Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) and zero burning policy for sugarcane) targeting both, the use of residue, and the practice of burning. While these policies appear to control residue burning to some extent, there are still challenges, especially for poorer farmers, who rely on manual harvesting practices. The paper looks into the current status of rice and sugarcane residue burning, its impacts on the environment, existing policies, current challenges, and future solutions through sustainable management practices. To achieve reduction in residue burning, the best possible solution is to use residue for alternative purposes. Some sustainable management practices include use of residue for energy production, green harvesting to improve soil nutrients, biochar production and composting. Thailand can also learn from solutions implemented in other countries, to reduce some of the impacts of crop residue burning.
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Methanol production from CO2 reduction over Ni/TiO2 catalyst
(2020-12-01)
Athikaphan, Pakpoom
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Neramittagapong, Sutasinee
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Assawasaengrat, Pornsawan
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Neramittagapong, Arthit
Photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide into methanol fuel over the Ni-doped TiO<inf>2</inf> catalyst has been investigated. The experiments were carried out in a 50 ml batch reactor under UV irradiation. Ni/TiO<inf>2</inf> photocatalysts were prepared by an impregnation method. The properties of the catalyst were characterized by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV–Vis diffuse reflectance (UV–DR). Moreover, the effect of reaction time and Ni loading on the methanol conversion were investigated. The result indicated that the maximum of methanol production was obtained after the irradiation of 3 h and slightly reduced due to the methanol oxidation process. The Ni loading catalyst showed the higher methanol concentration than that over undoped TiO<inf>2</inf> because Ni could trap the electron during irradiation and reduce electron–hole pair recombination by the p–n junction of TiO<inf>2</inf>. The highest methanol production rate of 272.45μmol/g<inf>cat</inf> was obtained over 4% wt Ni/TiO<inf>2</inf> catalyst, which was 20 times higher methanol production rate than that over the commercial TiO<inf>2</inf> catalyst (P25). Moreover, the stability of catalysts could be recycled four times with high activity of CO<inf>2</inf> reduction to methanol. Therefore, 4% wt. Ni/TiO<inf>2</inf> catalyst, low cost, showed better potential and activity in reducing CO<inf>2</inf> emission to the environment.

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