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    Synergistic Piezo- and Triboelectricity in a Novel Triglycine Sulfate/Bacterial Cellulose/Chitosan Flexible Composite Nanogenerator
    (2025-08-14)
    Ukasi, Sirinya
    ;
    Saichompoo, Kittipan
    ;
    Sae-tang, Chanachot
    ;
    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
    ;
    Pongampai, Satana
    Organic piezoelectric materials offer sustainable alternatives for mechanical energy harvesting (MEH), yet their potential remains underexplored compared to inorganic counterparts. This study pioneers the use of triglycine sulfate (TGS), a rarely studied organic piezoelectric, within a flexible three-phase composite with bacterial cellulose (BC) and chitosan (CS) for piezoelectric (PENG) and triboelectric (TENG) nanogenerators. Unlike widely researched systems, TGS's unique hybrid organic–inorganic nature is leveraged here for the first time in MEH. Optimized at a 50:50 BC:CS ratio with 40 wt.% TGS, achieves a TENG output of 141.2 V and 93.3 µA post-poling—1.8 and 2.4 fold higher than unpoled samples—driven by TGS's dipole alignment. Separately, the configuration utilizing a 5 wt.% TGS loading yields 13.7 V and 0.19 µA. Advanced characterization (ATR-FTIR, SR-XTM) and simulations (COMSOL, DFT) reveal TGS's synergy with BC/CS roughness, enhancing charge generation. Delivering 118.65 µW cm<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup>, the TENG (from the 40 wt.% TGS poled sample) powers a digital watch, showcasing practical promise. This work not only introduces TGS as a novel MEH candidate but also provides mechanistic insights into its polarization, advancing bio-hybrid nanogenerator design.
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    Tailoring charge affinity, dielectric property, and band gap of bacterial cellulose paper by multifunctional Ti2NbO7 nanosheets for improving triboelectric nanogenerator performance
    (2023-02-01)
    Sriphan, Saichon
    ;
    Pharino, Utchawadee
    ;
    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
    ;
    Pulphol, Phieraya
    ;
    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
    Transparent, flexible, and high-performance triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) from nature-derived materials are required for sustainable society development. However, low triboelectricity from natural material is generally observed. Tunable electronic band diagram (EBD) through facile manipulation is one of the efficient methods to promote the TENG output, requiring fundamental, in depth understanding. Herein, we employed the high quality, single crystal-like Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> nanosheets (NSs) with dual dielectric and semiconducting properties as filler for bacterial cellulose (BC)-based TENG. Several techniques including X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), ultraviolet—visible (UV—vis) absorption, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM) were applied to characterize the long-range structure, microstructure, optical properties, elemental composition, and three-dimensional (3D) distribution of components in the composites. The semi-transparent and flexible 5 vol.% Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs/BC preserved the integrity of cellulose, contained well-dispersed nanosheets, reduced optical band gap (4.20 vs. 5.75 eV for BC), and increased surface roughness. The dielectric permittivity and conductivity increased with nanosheets content. Adding negatively-charged Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs could regulate the charge affinity of BC composite via shifting of Fermi energy over that of Al. It is found that adding 5 vol.% NSs into the BC film improved electrical outputs (~ 36 V and ~ 8.8 µA), which are 2–4 times higher than that of pure BC, even when paired with Al which lies adjacent in triboelectric series. Our work demonstrated the method to enhance BC-based TENG performance through EBD regulation using multifunctional Ti<inf>2</inf>NbO<inf>7</inf> NSs. [Figure not available: see fulltext.]
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    Bacterial Cellulose/Titanate Nanotubes Composite Kirigami for Flexible and Stretchable Motion Sensor
    (2023-01-01)
    Chaithaweep, Kanokwan
    ;
    Boontanoom, Thitiworada
    ;
    Onsup, Chutimon
    ;
    Pharino, Utchawadee
    ;
    Pongampai, Satana
    A composite of bacterial cellulose and titanate nanotubes (BC/TNT) was prepared for use as a stretchable motion sensor in smart and wearable electronics. The composite was characterized using various techniques such as UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy, SEM, XRD, IR spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. It was found that the dielectric constant of BC/TNT was up to 2.6 times that of BC with similar loss tangent, indicating improved charge storage. The composite was also constructed into a Kirigami pattern for improved stretchability. With a tensile strain of 0.4%, the change in resistance relative to the original resistance (ΔR/R <inf>0</inf>) was found to be 5.7% and 6.9% for BC and BC/TNT, respectively, demonstrating improved sensing performance.
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    Double-layer Composite Film of Natural Materials and Mulch Film Application
    (2022-07-01)
    Pinpru, Nattapong
    ;
    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
    ;
    Phanasun, Thanong
    ;
    Soponpong, Machima
    ;
    Bongkarn, Theerachai
    In this work, double-layer mulch composite film was prepared from natural materials (bacterial cellulose; BC, alginates, carboxymethyl cellulose; CMC, and calcium hydrogen phosphate; CaHPO<inf>4</inf>) by the solvent casting method. The BC/CaHPO<inf>4</inf> film was casted as a second layer and serves two purposes: soil water absorption and slow-release fertilizer. The mechanical properties of the double layer film are significantly improved by using the double-layer casting technique with the tensile strength of 17.4 MPa and the percentage of elongation at break of 78.7%. The percentage of water absorption and biodegradation was increased to 60% and 48.7%, respectively, within 30 days. Morphological evidence confirmed that the double-layer composite film degraded gradually, as cracks appeared on its surface when buried in soil for a longer period of time. This result was consistent with increasing biodegradation percentage. In addition, the double-layer composite film fully supported the decrease in temperature and increase of soil moisture via ultra violet (UV) protection.