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    Independence of additive, multiplicative, exponential and logarithmic functions
    (2019-10-01)
    Ponpetch, Kanet
    ;
    Laohakosol, Vichian
    ;
    Mavecha, Sukrawan
    The independence of four types of functions, namely, additive, multiplicative, exponential and logarithmic functions defined over two types of domains, namely, discrete and non-discrete sets are investigated.
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    Effect of additives on fuel properties and emission characteristics of micromulsion biofuels from palm oil
    (2017-07-12)
    Attaphong, Chodchanok
    ;
    Lumyong, Pichit
    ;
    Wichadee, Sasiwimon
    ;
    Khaodhiar, Sutha
    ;
    Sarikprueck, Piampoom
    Microemulsiflcation is one of the novel techniques to reduce viscosity of vegetable oils to avoid durability problems in diesel engines. Microemulsion biofuels are transparent, thermodynamically stable, and single-phase mixtures of vegetable oils and ethanol in the presence of surfactants and co-surfactants. Additives have also been included in microemulsion biofuel formulations to improve their stability and fuel properties; however, there is limited research on the effect of additives on emission characteristics of microemulsion biofuels. In this study, microemulsion biofuels were formulated from palm oil/diesel blend (1:1 v/v), ethanol, surfactant, and co-surfactants. Five additives, ethylene glycol butyl ether (EGBE), diethylene glycol ethyl ether (DEGEE), propylene glycol ethyl ether (PGEE), dipropylene glycol methyl ether (DPGME), and ethyl acetate (EA), were used to study the effect of additives on phase behaviors, fuel properties, and emission characteristics. The results showed that studied additives could improve some fuel properties of microemulsion biofuels with negligible effect on phase stability. Additionally, it was found that carbon monoxide (CO) emissions from microemulsion biofuels with DEGEE and EA, and nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions from microemulsion biofuels with all additives were lower than those from diesel and biodiesel. Therefore, DEGEE and EA can be considered as promising additives for microemulsion biofuel formulations, which can improve fuel properties as well as can significantly reduce CO and NO<inf>x</inf> emissions below the levels of diesel and biodiesel. These encouraging results offer options of additives for biofuel applications.
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    Effect of trichlorobenzene additive on the performance and morphology of polyfluorene and fullerene derivative bulk heterojunction solar cells
    (2012-08-01)
    Koetniyom, W.
    ;
    Keawprajak, A.
    ;
    Piyakulawat, P.
    ;
    Jiramitmongkon, K.
    ;
    Nukeaw, J.
    The influence of additive, namely 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene (TCB), on the morphology and performance of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells was studied based on a 1:2 (w/w) blend of benzothiadiazole/thiophene-based copolymers (PFTBzTT) to [6,6]-phenyl-C <inf>61</inf> butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM). The active layers were deposited by spin-coating from solutions using chloroform, with different additive concentrations from 0 to 36mg/ml. The addition of solvent additive into the polymer solution was able to improve the performance of BHJ solar cells. The maximum power conversion efficiency (%PCE) of 0.85% was obtained for a cell with the TCB concentration of 12mg/ml after annealing at 180°C for 20min. From atomic force microscopy (AFM) images, the films processed without TCB appear smoother than those with the TCB additive. A large extent of segregation was also observed in the films processed with a high TCB concentration. The optical images of the thin films suggest that the optimum concentrations of the additive cause the polymer self-organisation, resulting in some aggregation of large PCBM crystals. © 2011 Canadian Society for Chemical Engineering.