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Enhancing Structural Stability and Drug Release Control in Xanthan Gum–Poly(vinyl alcohol) Hydrogel Films via Ferric Ion Crosslinking
(2026-05-01)
Monvisade, Pathavuth
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Napradit, Sasipa
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Sintoppun, Tanaporn
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Yamaguchi, Masayuki
This study investigates the development and characterization of xanthan gum/poly(vinyl alcohol) (XP) hydrogel films crosslinked with ferric ions via a dipping method for controlled oral drug delivery. The effects of ferric ion crosslinking on the physicochemical and mechanical properties of the films were systematically evaluated through swelling behavior, gel content, thermal and mechanical analyses, cytotoxicity testing, and in vitro drug release profiling using para-acetylaminophenol as a model drug under simulated digestive conditions. Crosslinking with ferric ions significantly enhanced the structural integrity of the films by reducing water uptake and improving gel stability in both simulated gastric (SGF) and intestinal fluids (SIF). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) revealed restricted polymer chain mobility due to ionic interactions within the network. Mechanical testing showed increased tensile strength and Young’s modulus with higher crosslinking density. Cytotoxicity assays confirmed excellent biocompatibility, with high cell viability observed across all formulations. The films enabled controlled release of para-acetylaminophenol under simulated gastrointestinal conditions, with drug release kinetics suggesting a combination of diffusion-controlled and erosion-mediated mechanisms. These findings support the potential of Fe3+-crosslinked XP hydrogel films as stable and biocompatible carriers for sustained oral drug delivery.
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Dual covalent and ionic crosslinked xanthan gum–PVA hydrogel films for enhanced drug release performance
(2025-11-01)
Monvisade, Pathavuth
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Napradit, Sasipa
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Sintoppun, Tanaporn
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Yamaguchi, Masayuki
This study presents the development and characterization of dual crosslinked xanthan gum–polyvinyl alcohol (XP) hydrogel films for potential use in controlled drug delivery applications. Hydrogel films were synthesized using glutaraldehyde for covalent crosslinking and Cu2+ ions for ionic crosslinking, with varying polymer ratios and crosslinker concentrations. The swelling behavior and gel content were evaluated in both distilled water at 25 °C and simulated body fluid (SBF) at 37 °C, revealing that dual crosslinking significantly enhanced structural integrity and swelling resistance, with gel content reaching up to 98%. Thermal analysis using DSC and DMA confirmed increased glass transition temperatures, indicating reduced polymer chain mobility due to denser crosslinking networks. Mechanical tests showed that the films possessed high tensile strength (60–62 MPa), with stiffness increasing alongside Cu2+ concentration and xanthan content. Cytocompatibility was validated through MTT assays on Vero cells, with all formulations exceeding 80% viability, thus classified as non-cytotoxic according to ISO 10993-5:2009 guidelines. Drug release studies using para-acetylaminophenol demonstrated sustained release behavior, achieving 50% release over 6 h in SBF. Kinetic analysis revealed that the release followed zero-order kinetics (R² = 0.9986) and case-II transport (n = 1.0396), indicating that release was governed by matrix swelling and erosion. These findings highlight the potential of XP dual crosslinked hydrogels as effective and biocompatible platforms for sustained drug delivery, particularly in wound care applications.
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Smartphone RGB camera-based colorimetric platform with double-layer spherical Ca (II)-alginate/ZnONPs hydrogel liquid-core curcumin emulsion for rapid and selective detection of pyridoxine (Vitamin B6) in functional beverages
(2025-08-01)
Chinnawat, Sirinyakorn
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Detsri, Ekarat
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Lerdpiriyaskulkij, Natee
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Teerasong, Saowapak
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Mathaweesansurn, Arjnarong
A portable smartphone-based RGB colorimetric sensor was developed for the quantitative detection of pyridoxine (vitamin B6, VB-6) in functional beverages, employing a novel core–shell hydrogel probe (CUR<inf>Hydrogel</inf>), engineered with a calcium alginate matrix encapsulating a liquid-phase curcumin emulsion and externally layered by poly(diallyl dimethyl ammonium chloride)-functionalized ZnO nanoparticles (ZnONPs/PDADMAC). The CUR<inf>Hydrogel</inf> spheres were fabricated via a molecular self-assembly reverse spherification and demonstrated high mechanical stability (stiffness: 6.45 × 104 N/m, compressive strength: 1.01 × 106 N/m2) along with excellent UV-blocking photostability for up to 28 days. The CUR<inf>Hydrogel</inf> probe was applied for detecting VB-6 via a smartphone-based sensing platform. The colorimetric assay was based on a two-step strategy involving initially the formation of the colorless pyridoxine-boron complex by VB-6 and boric acid, after which the remaining boric acid binds with curcumin to produce a red rosocyanine dye. A higher VB-6 concentration yields less rosocyanine and a discernible color shift from orange to yellow, which is quantified via smartphone RGB analysis. The RGB values were assessed via a smartphone application, providing the linearity of VB-6 detection of 10–125 mg L−1 with LOD and LOQ of 2.93 mg L−1 and 9.77 mg L−1. The CUR<inf>Hydrogel</inf> exhibited excellent precision with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 0.20 to 0.27 %, while recoveries ranged from 99.84 % to 103.03 %. Particularly, the results of this method were also validated by comparing with HPLC and UV–vis spectrophotometry. The smartphone RGB camera-based colorimetric sensor of CUR<inf>Hydrogel</inf> has great potential application prospects for detecting VB-6 in functional beverage samples.
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Study on chemical structure stability and properties of chitosan-incorporated tamarind seed kernel xyloglucan hydrogels
(2024-12-05)
Manamoongmongkol, Kanjana
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Sriprom, Pongsert
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Narkrugsa, Woatthichai
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Phumjan, Lamphung
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Permana, Lasuardi
This study investigated the stability of chitosan-incorporated tamarind seed kernel xyloglucan hydrogels prepared at different ratios after storage for three years. The physical hydrogel samples were studied using ratios of xyloglucan to chitosan between 1.5:1 and 4:1, comparing fresh hydrogel with hydrogel stored for three years. The hydrogels were analyzed for Fourier transform infrared characteristics, rheological behavior, flow rate, and zeta potential. After three years of storage, a reversible reaction was confirmed by C-H molecular stretching using Fourier transform infrared. All hydrogel samples exhibited pseudoplastic fluid characteristics with liquid-like behavior. The zeta potential of fresh hydrogel at 1.5:1 and 4:1 ratios was 27.700 ± 0.964 mV and 22.633 ± 0.929 mV, respectively, whereas after three years, it became 28.067 ± 1.106 mV and 18.867 ± 0.503 mV, respectively. The amount of xyloglucan significantly affected the zeta potential of the xyloglucan-chitosan hydrogel, leading to a decrease in the stability of the hydrogel at a 4:1 ratio. The stability of the hydrogel at a ratio of 1.5:1 was confirmed by pH and zeta potential measurements. In conclusion, the properties and behavior of the xyloglucan-chitosan hydrogel remained stable after three years of storage at a 1.5:1 ratio.
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Effect of zinc ion concentration on crosslinking of carboxymethyl cellulose sodium-fumaric acid composite hydrogel
(2021-05-26)
Uyanga, Kindness A.
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Iamphaojeen, Yuwanda
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Daoud, Walid A.
Anionic polysaccharides are known to react in unconventional patterns with di-valent metal ions to form 3D-structured hydrogels. However, little is known about the influence of divalent ions concentration on hydrogel formation. Herein, carboxymethyl cellulose based hydrogels crosslinked with zinc ions (Zn2+) and fumaric acid are synthesized and characterized for swelling, structure, morphology and thermal properties, and the effect of Zn2+ concentration on hydrogel properties is investigated. It was found that increasing Zn2+ to 0.5 M enhances gel fraction and water absorbency, at which super-absorbent yet stable, crystalline (79% crystallinity index) FA-0.5 exhibiting water-absorbency (2259%) and stability toward water (51%) and heat (−3.17 mW and 0.9% degradation at 50 °C) is formed. The results reveal that crosslinking is influenced by Zn2+ concentration and interaction with other hydrogel components. The hydrolytic and thermal properties of FA-0.5 shows potential as a stable biomaterial.
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Silver loaded hydroxyethylacryl chitosan/sodium alginate hydrogel films for controlled drug release wound dressings
(2020-09-15)
Chalitangkoon, Jongjit
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Wongkittisin, Marisa
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Monvisade, Pathavuth
Wound dressings composed of hydroxyethylacryl chitosan (HC) and sodium alginate (SA) were developed with antibacterial activity by loading Ag particles. The formation of Ag particle in the HC/SA films was achieved by an immersion method through in situ chemical reduction of AgNO<inf>3</inf> solution and confirmed by FTIR, SEM-EDS, XRD and XRF techniques. The effect of Ag loading in the Ca-crosslinked HC/SA films with different crosslinking density was studied on swelling behavior, mechanical properties, cytotoxicity, antibacterial activity and drug release behavior. The results showed that Ag loading increased swelling degree in phosphate buffer and enhanced mechanical properties. The HC/SA films with Ag loading exhibited antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus as well as no toxicity on Vero cell. In vitro drug release profiles of the films were examined using para-acetylaminophenol, as a soluble model drug. The increase in crosslinking density and Ag loading prolonged drug releasing rate and almost the films showed linearity profiles. It can be concluded that the HC/SA films with Ag loading have a promising potential in modern wound dressings with antibacterial property and controlled drug release.
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Property improvement of antibacterial wound dressing from basil seed (O. basilicum L.) mucilage- ZnO nanocomposite by borax crosslinking
(2020-01-01)
Tantiwatcharothai, Siriporn
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Prachayawarakorn, Jutarat
Some applications, in particular, wound dressings, require significant water holding capability: hydrogels formed from Basil seed mucilage (BSM) are non-toxic natural substances and exhibit the needed water holding capacity. However, the sponges have low dimensional stability and easily degrade in aqueous media. We overcame this drawback by crosslinking with borax. To provide antibacterial activity, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NP) were added. With 10–20 wt% added borax and ZnO-NP, all key properties improved: dimensional stability, water retention capacity (31 to 41%), stress at maximum load (2.6 to 6.6 MPa), Young's modulus (74 to 113 MPa) and strain (28 to 54%). An interconnecting system of pores with well distributed ZnO-NP was observed from scanning electron microscope. In addition, higher borax and ZnO-NP loadings slightly decreased porosity (92% to 73%) and swelling (109 to 56). Moreover, antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of BSM hydrogel sponge were also examined.
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In vitro drug release profiles of pH-sensitive hydroxyethylacryl chitosan/sodium alginate hydrogels using paracetamol as a soluble model drug
(2017-06-01)
Treenate, Pitchaya
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Monvisade, Pathavuth
The aim of this study is to investigate in vitro drug release profiles of pH-sensitive hydrogels composed of hydroxyethylacryl chitosan (HC) and sodium alginate (SA). The hydrogels were crosslinked by dipping method using different ionic crosslinkers (e.g., Ca2+, Zn2+ and Cu2+). The crosslinking reaction was confirmed by FT-IR. Swelling behavior and stability of the hydrogels in simulated digestive media were investigated. The result indicated that the combination between HC and SA could delay the degradation time of the hydrogels. Calcium crosslinking system showed higher stability than that of zinc or copper crosslinking system. In vitro drug release profiles were studied using paracetamol as a soluble model drug. The amount of paracetamol release in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) was relatively low (<20%). In simulated intestinal fluid (SIF), the burst release of paracetamol was depressed with increasing HC content and/or applying crosslinker. The HC75SA25 formulation demonstrated the linearity of drug release profile. Additionally, the amount of drug release from the 0.5 M calcium HC50SA50 hydrogel in SIF was lower than 20%. The comprehensive results of this study suggested their potential in the application of site-specific oral drug delivery in intestine and colon.
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Development of hydroxyethylacryl chitosan/alginate hydrogel films for biomedical application
(2014-12-01)
Treenate, Pitchaya
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Monvisade, Pathavuth
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Yamaguchi, Masayuki
Novel hydrogel films composed of hydroxyethylacryl chitosan (HC) and sodium alginate (SA) were prepared for biomedical application by using calcium chloride (CaCl<inf>2</inf>) as a nontoxic ionic crosslinker to form a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (semi-IPN). HC was successfully prepared by following a Michael addition reaction of chitosan (CS) and hydroxyethylacrylate completely dissolved in distilled water at 70 °C. The distribution pattern of Ca2+ ions were well-dispersed within the hydrogel films examined by scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM-EDS), implying uniformity of crosslinking. The swelling behavior of the hydrogel films in distilled water, simulated gastric fluid (SGF, pH = 1.2) and phosphate buffer solution (PBS, pH = 7.4) were investigated. The equilibrium swelling degree of the hydrogel films in distilled water increased with a decreas of either the SA content or the concentration of CaCl<inf>2</inf>. The hydrogel films showed pH-dependent behavior in that the shapes of the hydrogel films were stable in SGF while they degraded in PBS. The tensile strength and elongation of the hydrogel films reached 12.1 MPa and 162%, respectively, which presented reasonable mechanical properties during use and enough flexibility to follow skin movement. Cell viability of the hydrogels was measured using a methylthiazol tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The results indicated that the hydrogel films are not cytotoxic.
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Electrical response characterisation of poly(ethylene glycol) macromer (PEGM)/chitosan hydrogels in NaCl solution
(2006-07-01)
Kaewpirom, Supranee
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Boonsang, Siridech
Interpenetrating polymer network hydrogels composed of poly(ethylene glycol) macromer (PEGM) and chitosan were synthesised by UV irradiation of solutions in a mild aqueous media. The IPN hydrogels exhibited the equilibrium water content (EWC) in the range of 86-94%. The hydrogels were characterised using FT-IR, FT-Raman spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results from DSC measurements indicate that the melting endotherms of PEGM, within the hydrogels, decreased in intensities and shifted to lower temperatures comparing with a linear PEGM. This was due to the decrease of the crystallinity in the IPN hydrogels with higher contents of PEGM. The electrical response of the IPN hydrogels was also investigated by applying electrical current to the hydrogels immersed in a NaCl solution. The extent of a bending degree of the IPN hydrogel depends on the IPN hydrogel composition and applied electric field strength. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

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