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    Enhancing supply chain efficiency for air transport of horticultural products by simplified heat and mass transfer modelling
    (2026-08-01)
    Jantapirak, Suveena
    ;
    Duret, Steven
    ;
    Laguerre, Onrawee
    ;
    Denis, Alain
    ;
    Paviet Salomon, Yvanne
    Maintaining temperature and quality stability of fresh horticultural products during air transportation is challenging due to highly variable thermal environments and limited airflow inside Unit Load Device (ULD) containers. This study developed a simplified three-dimensional heat and mass transfer model to predict product temperature and moisture evolution within a ULD container under realistic operating conditions. Plaster mangoes were used to avoid the variability of the real product properties. Convective heat transfer and three-directional thermal resistances were integrated into an unsteady heat balance model while the model parameters were calibrated using Monte Carlo simulation. A complementary mass transfer model, considering the ULD container as a closed moisture domain, was implemented to estimate product mass loss. Model performance was evaluated using cooling experiments under controlled conditions and field measurements in a ULD shipment from Bangkok to Paris by air transport. Simulated air and product temperatures showed good agreement with experimental data, with RMSE values below 3.5 °C. The model successfully captured the pronounced thermal load on top-layer boxes during tarmac exposure and the faster cooling of bottom boxes through conduction with the bottom wall during flight. Predicted mass loss (1.0-1.1%) also aligned with field data (1.1-1.2%). The model provides a practical tool for assessing the effects of operational and environmental conditions on fruit quality during air transport.
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    Experimental study of air cargo temperature variations and its impact on mango quality
    (2024-04-01)
    Chaomuang, N.
    ;
    Laguerre, O.
    ;
    Denis, A.
    ;
    Paviet Salomon, Y.
    ;
    Mawilai, P.
    An air cargo supply chain for fresh mango was investigated from Thailand to France. Measurements of air temperature, air relative humidity, and fruit (peel) temperature were conducted using thermo-hygrometer data loggers in cartons. In a Unit Load Device (ULD) containing 148 cartons, twenty-seven instrumented cartons were placed at different positions to observe spatial and temporal temperature variations during 12 h cruising. At the destination, mango quality attributes were assessed at different time-points during 15-day storage at 16.1 °C and 21.6 °C. Throughout the supply chain, fruit temperatures ranged from 16.6 °C to 30.5 °C. During cruising, fruit temperatures in upper cartons remained almost constant, whereas base carton temperatures continuously decreased from 26.1 °C to 18.1 °C. Because of a short cruising period in comparison to a storage duration at the destination and proper ambient temperature condition during the experiment, carton position in the ULD had no discernible impact on fruit quality during storage. Fruit stored at 16.1 °C preserved superior fruit quality compared to 21.6 °C storage. For the same storage temperature, better quality of fruits stored in Thailand demonstrated the impact of air shipment on product degradation. The measured temperature and relative humidity evolutions were used as input parameters of a mass loss evolution model. A comparison with the measured data exhibited good agreement (RMSE < 1.8 % mass loss). Considering 10 % mass loss as a critical value, this model allows an estimation of the product shelf life based on a supply chain scenario.
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    Influence of long-distance air transport conditions on horticultural product quality: Case study of fresh mango shipment from Thailand to France
    (2023-08-01)
    Laguerre, O.
    ;
    Duret, S.
    ;
    Chaomuang, N.
    ;
    Denis, A.
    ;
    Derens-Bertheau, E.
    Four instrumented boxes of mangoes Mangifera indica L. cv. “Nam Dok Mai” were shipped from Bangkok, Thailand, to Paris, France, without control of the boxes’ positions on the aircraft. Two boxes were shipped via a direct flight and two boxes were shipped via an indirect flight. For each box, the internal air temperature, the external air temperature and relative humidity and surface temperature of two fruits were recorded throughout the supply chain from a packing house in Thailand to a storage room in France. A maximum fruit temperature of 33 °C (during transport from an orchard to the packing house) and a minimum fruit temperature of 8 °C (in a cold room of the logistics company following arrival at the airport in France via the indirect flight) were observed. The slight temperature difference between the air and the fruit surface temperature (< 1 °C on average) for both direct and indirect flights suggests that the air was stagnant inside the box and, thus conduction was the main heat transfer mode. Models of product temperature, mass loss, and peel color changes throughout the supply chain were developed. The numerical and the experimental values were in good agreement. These models were able to predict the product mass loss and peel color evolution as a function of a supply chain scenario.