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    A molecular survey of Theileria spp. in Ruminants in the Thailand-Cambodia border region
    (2022-01-01)
    Kaewhom, P.
    ;
    Srikijkasemwat, K.
    Theileriosis is caused by Theileria spp. Parasites which transmitted by various species of ticks including Amblyomma, Haemaphysalis, Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus. This pathogen can be found in red blood cells and white blood cells of farmed animals, including cattle, buffaloes, goats and sheep. Theileria spp. leads to a high morbidity in small ruminants, economic loss in agricultural production and time spent on infection prevention. It is necessary to detect the infection in a farm, as there are generally no clearly recognisable clinical signs. Our results revealed that infected animals displayed 230 bp DNA fragments, which is the length of the V4 region of the 18S rRNA gene of Theileria spp. The overall prevalence of Theileria spp. in ruminants farmed in Sa Kaeo Province, the border between Thailand and Cambodia, was 9% (29/314). The prevalence of Theileria spp. in meat cattle (6%), buffaloes(6%), meat goats (6%) and crossbred meat sheep (6%). It was also found that the prevalence of Theileria spp. was linked to neither species nor gender (p>0.05). Polymerase Chain Reaction was used to analyse Theileria spp. since it is very sensitive, specific and fast. Our analysis can be used to prevent and control the spread of Theileria infection in ruminants. Furthermore, this information may guide implemention of a policy on animal movement within the border regions.
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    Comparative effect of Volvariella volvacea-treated rice straw and purple corn stover fed at different levels on predicted methane production and milk fatty acid profiles in tropical dairy cows
    (2021-09-01)
    Khonkhaeng, Benjamad
    ;
    Cherdthong, Anusorn
    ;
    Chantaprasarn, Nawanon
    ;
    Harvatine, Kevin J.
    ;
    Foiklang, Suban
    The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different concentrations of rice straw (RS) and purple corn stover (PCS) treated with Volvariella volvacea fed in total mixed rations (TMR) on ruminal fermentation, blood metabolites, calculated methane (CH<inf>4</inf>) production, and milk fatty acid profile in mid-lactation crossbred Holstein Friesian cows. The experimental design was a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Factor A included roughage type (V. volvacea-treated RS and V. volvacea-treated PCS), and Factor B included roughage (R)-to-concentrate (C) ratio (R:C) (50:50 and 60:40). The four dietary treatment combinations were 1) RS with an R:C ratio of 50:50 (RS50); 2) RS with an R:C ratio of 60:40 (RS60); 3) PCS with an R:C ratio of 50:50 (PCS50); and 4) PCS with an R:C ratio of 60:40 (PCS60). Different roughage sources did not alter total tract digestibility of DM, OM, and NDF (P > 0.05), but PCS increased NDF digestibility by 4.6 percentage units and CP digestibility by 15.6 percentage units. Roughage types influenced rumen propionic acid (C3) concentration 4 h after feeding with PCA increasing higher C3 concentration compared to RS at both R:C ratios. There was no interaction between roughage types and the R:C ratio for CH<inf>4</inf> emission calculated based on volatile fatty acid profiles. However, roughage type impacted CH<inf>4</inf> emission. Calculated CH<inf>4</inf> concentration was lower in PCS than RS. Changing the R:C ratio did not alter milk production, milk composition, or somatic cell count (SCC). Moreover, roughage type did not influence milk production and milk composition, except for SCC which was lower in PCS. Roughage type and the R:C ratio independently influenced milk fat arachidonic acid (C20:4n-6) concentration. Furthermore, the PCS group had higher conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) than the RS groups. The proportion of total C18:0 and cis-9 C18:1 in milk fat increased 10% with the feeding of PCS50 and PCS60. However, milk cis-9, trans-11 C18:2 increased by 61% in the PCS group (P < 0.01). In conclusion, PCS increased rumen C3 and milk fat CLA and arachidonic acid concentration and decreased CH<inf>4</inf> production compared to the RS. The PCS treated with V. volvacea could be used for up to 60% of TMR for dairy cows.
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    Effects of supplementation of piper sarmentosum leaf powder on feed efficiency, rumen ecology and rumen protozoal concentration in thai native beef cattle
    (2019-04-01)
    Cherdthong, Anusorn
    ;
    Khonkhaeng, Benjamad
    ;
    Foiklang, Suban
    ;
    Wanapat, Metha
    ;
    Gunun, Nirawan
    This work was to study the influence of Piper sarmentosum (PS) leaf powder supplementation in cattle diet. It was found that supplementation of PS leaf powder at 2.4 g/d resulted in improving total feed intake and dry matter (DM) digestibility whereas there was reduced protozoal population and methane (CH<inf>4</inf>) production in cattle. The aim of this research was to study the influence of inclusion of Piper sarmentosum (PS) leaf powder on feed efficiency, rumen ecology, protozoal diversity and CH<inf>4</inf>emission in cattle. Four male beef cattle (1–1.5 years old) with similar initial body weights (BW) of 150 ± 20.00 kg were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin squared design. Experimental diets consisted of four levels of PS leaf powder supplementation at 0 (control), 0.6, 1.2 and 2.4 g/head/d, respectively. Dry matter (DM) intake of rice straw and total intake in terms of g/kg BW0.75 differed among treatments and were linearly greatest when PS was added at 2.4 g/head/d (p < 0.05). PS leaf powder did not affect the intake of nutrients and digestibility of organic matter, crude protein, and fibers. Nevertheless, digestibility of DM was found to increase by 4.8% in cattle when added at 2.4 g/head/d as compared to the other control treatments. PS leaf powder did not affect ruminal pH, ruminal temperature, ammonia–nitrogen concentration and blood urea-nitrogen (p > 0.05). The bacterial population was similar across PS levels (p > 0.05). However, the protozoal count was lower in animals fed with the supplement at 2.4 g/head/d (p < 0.05). The PS leaf powder did not affect total volatile fatty acid (VFA) and acetic acid (C2), butyric acid (C<inf>4</inf>), C2 to propionic acid (C3) and C2 to C3 to C4. However, concentration of C3 at 4 h post feeding and mean value linearly increased with supplementation of PS leaf powder at 2.4 g/d. The 4 h post-feeding and mean values of CH<inf>4</inf>concentration were linearly reduced with PS supplementation (p < 0.05). An increase of PS leaf powder at 2.4 g decreased CH<inf>4</inf>after feeding 4 h by 21.33% when compared to no PS leaf powder. Thus, supplementation of PS leaf powder at 2.4 g in ruminant feeding is recommended for manipulating rumen efficiency.
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