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Effects of Laminarin on Innate Immune Activation in White Shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) Reared at Different Salinities
(2026-03-01)
Muahiddah, Nuri
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Chen, Jiann Chu
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Kitikiew, Suwaree
This study examined the effects of laminarin on the haemocytes of white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) reared at different salinity levels (35 ‰, 25 ‰, 15 ‰, and 10 ‰) in vitro. Haemocytes incubated with 1 mg/mL laminarin were assessed for degranulation, cell size, viability, necrosis, phenoloxidase (PO) activity, and respiratory burst (RB). Shrimp haemocytes incubated with laminarin for 30 minutes exhibited greater degranulation and necrosis at salinities of 35‰, 25‰, and 15‰ than those of shrimp reared at 10‰. The reduction increased with increasing laminarin concentration incubated with white shrimp haemocytes, but was negatively related to salinity level. The phenoloxidase (PO) activity and respiratory burst (RB) of shrimp increased with increasing salinity. It is concluded that haemocytes of white shrimp reared at 10‰ and treated with laminarin showed lower immune activation, as indicated by reduced degranulation, lower necrotic cell levels, a lower percentage of large cells, and a lower percentage of viable cells, as well as decreased PO activity and RB. In contrast, the immune response of white shrimp treated with laminarin was stronger and occurred earlier in shrimp reared at higher salinities (35‰, 25‰, and 15‰) compared with those reared at low salinity (10‰).
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Indonesian Throughflow, spatial–temporal variability, and its relationship to ENSO events in the Lombok Strait
(2025-03-01)
Lubis, Muhammad Zainuddin
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Situmorang, Edriyan
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Simanjuntak, Andrean V.H.
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Riama, Nelly F.
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Pasma, Gumilang R.
Understanding the interactions between ocean currents and climate variability is crucial for predicting future oceanic and climatic shifts in the Lombok Strait and beyond. Our study examines the Lombok Strait from 2013 to 2018, focusing on the impact of interannual and seasonal variability driven by climatic events such as the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Our findings reveal significant fluctuations in oceanographic parameters, including temperature, salinity, and ocean currents. The lowest recorded temperature was ∼27.2 °C, and the minimum salinity was ∼32.3 psu, linked to the strong El Niño event in 2015, which altered local rainfall and evaporation patterns. Analysis of meridional and zonal velocities showed enhanced water flow, with maximum meridional velocities reaching around ∼0.04 m/s and zonal velocities peaking at ∼0.18 m/s in early 2018. Seasonal variations in sea surface height show higher values during warmer months, reflecting the influence of ENSO phenomena. The vertical distribution of salinity indicated stratification, with values ranging from ∼27.5 psu to ∼34.0 psu across different depths, corresponding to water density ranging from 22.50 σ<inf>θ</inf> to 24.0 σ<inf>θ</inf>, highlighting the interaction between Pacific and Indian Ocean waters. Water mass transport averages at 100 m and 200 m show values of −1.21 ± 0.97 Sv and −1.350 ± 1.069 Sv, with the lowest transport occurring during the summer at −1.97 Sv with a depth range of 0–100 m, suggesting robust outflow. Our findings underscore the critical role of the ITF in shaping regional oceanographic conditions and their implications for global climate dynamics.
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A One-dimensional Salinity Measurement Model in the Chao Phraya River with the Chao Phraya Barrage Dam Using a Shooting Method
(2023-03-01)
Vanishkorn, Buddhaporn
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Pochai, Nopparat
Sea water receding from the Gulf of Thailand causes salinity diffusion in the Chao Phraya River, Thailand, and the amount of northern water is reduced in the dry season. It has an impact on people, particularly the generation of tap water. The Samlae raw water pumping station is the major pumping station. The Ban Krachaeng subdistrict is located in Mueang district, Pathum Thani province, and is affected by saltwater intrusion, which causes the salinity level to exceed the recommended threshold. In order for the Metropolitan Waterworks Authority (MWA)'s water supply system to achieve the standard, the salinity index at the Samlae raw water pumping station is controlled to not exceed the surveillance threshold of 0.25 g/l in this research. A barrage dam consists of a number of large gates that can be opened or closed to control the amount of fresh water passing through. There is a Chao Phraya barrage dam which is across the Chao Phraya River at Chai Nat, the northern part of the focused area. The objective of this research is to demonstrate a onedimensional steady-state salinity measurement model in a river with a barrage dam. Irrigation is done in rivers with dams using the shooting method to estimate the solution. The results obtained from simulating simulated salinity measurements from Phra-Nakhon Tai Power Plant Station to Samlae Station demonstrated that the shooting method can be used to accurately estimate the solution. Freshwater flow velocity and salinity dissolving efficiency were discovered to be the most important elements controlling salinity levels. The suggested salinity control approach may help to regulate the salinity level until it reaches a normal level.
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Irrigation water management strategies for salinity control in the chao phraya river using sualyev finite difference method with lagrange interpolation technique
(2021-01-01)
Othata, Pornpon
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Pochai, Nopparat
—The problem of salinity in tap water is a very important problem. Drinking water that is higher than the World Health Organization designation can greatly affect peo-ple’s health. In this research, a salinity management model is also applied in a river with a dam with an interpolation process for initial and boundary conditions. An unconditionally stable explicit finite difference scheme with the Lagrange interpolating polynomials for the initial and boundary conditions is utilized to estimate the saltiness level with a few conditions of a proposed model. The suggested computational technique allows for a clear consensus on the effects of realistic implementations for water supply processes.
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A non-dimensional mathematical model of salinity measurement in the chaophraya river using a new fourth order finite difference method with the saulyev technique
(2020-12-01)
Camcoon, Nataya
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Pochai, Nopparat
Salinity in a river is a measure of the content of salts in water. Salinity intrusion problem pose hazards for a river as well as affecting human health and agriculture. There are two methods to measure the salinity in a river. First, the sampling water method by monitoring stations has been using to collect the actual data. Second, a mathematical model is introduced to predict the salinity in a river. In this research, a mathematical model of salinity measurement in a river with releasing fresh water from a diversion dam effect is proposed. There are two finite difference techniques are introduced to approximate the model solution. The traditional forward time centered space techniques are also introduced. A new fourth order finite difference method is employed to accurately approximate the salinity in a river. A part of the Chaopraya river which is closed to the estuary is experimented. The actual problem is focused in this research. The experiment suggested can be used in many practical measurements of the salinity. The proposed method will predict the salinity level in a period on the future. The computational salinity measurement gives precisely results when the actual salinity and numerical salinity are compared. The proposed numerical simulation can be applied to a salinity forecasting.
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A one-dimensional mathematical simulation to salinity control in a river with a barrage dam using an unconditionally stable explicit finite difference method
(2019-12-01)
Othata, Pornpon
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Pochai, Nopparat
Salinity refers to the amount of salt in rivers, where the salt can be in many different forms. There are two main methods of defining the concentration of salt in water such as the total dissolved solid measurement (TDS) and the electrical conductivity measurement (EC). The salinity is measured by evaporating water to dryness and weighing the solid residue. The electrical conductivity measurement is measured by passing an electric current through the water and measuring how readily the current flows. The total amount of salt in the water can affect the taste of water. The World Health Organization’s guideline on water palatability is that water with a salinity level of less than about 0.50–0.60 g/L is generally considered to be of a standard level. The drinking-water becomes significantly and increasingly unpalatable at salinity levels greater than about 1.0 g/L. In this research, a one-dimensional mathematical model of salinity measurement in a river is proposed. A modified model of salinity control in a river with a barrage dam is also introduced. An unconditionally stable explicit finite difference technique is used to approximate the salinity level under several conditions from the proposed model. The proposed computational technique gives good agreement results in realistic scenarios for water supply processes.
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A Multiple Regression Analysis for Predicting Salinity in Shallow Groundwater
(2017-01-01)
Seeboonruang, Uma
Groundwater salinity is a severe problem particularly to agricultural lands. Measuring the water quality index at some particular locations might not be easy. The objective of this research is hence to predict the groundwater salinity, in terms of electrical conductivity (EC) in the shallow groundwater in the Northeast of Thailand. Groundwater EC was measured for the period of over 2 years at 14 different locations at different time intervals. The data was interpolated and analyzed for basic statistical properties including autocorrelation and stationarity. Linear regression model and transformed linear regression models were developed. The two models produced high adjusted R2 about 0.8 during the calibration step. However, the transformed model provided a better accuracy during the verification step. This variation can be attributed to unaccounted factors, collinearity, and stationarity. The model can be applied to predict the groundwater salinity using the groundwater quality measured at some surrounding region.
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Physico-chemical characterization of saline subsurface system near small endorheic ponds in Thailand
(2014-04-01)
Seeboonruang, Uma
The problem of salt-ravaged lands is reported in many parts of the world and could be exacerbated by the presence of an endorheic pond normally associated with a saline low-lying area. An endorheic or playa pond accumulates dissolved salts which can be carried primarily by groundwater before discharging into the pond; then, intense evaporation produces salt residues which can wreak havoc on the adjacent areas. The objective of this study is to investigate the subsurface conditions and groundwater interactions beneath two endorheic saline ponds of Thailand's Great Mekong Basin to have a better understanding and thereby efficiently manage the resources. A comprehensive analysis of the physical and geochemical properties (limited to pH, specific conductance and salinity) of the subsurface system was performed to determine the processes that regulated the migration of dissolved salt. The data collected from the deep and shallow groundwater of the basin were analyzed to determine their physical and chemical properties. Soil samples of various depths were examined to determine their respective geologic, chemical and unsaturated properties. The groundwater near the salt ponds was different from that of other areas in that its groundwater table was closer to the surface soil and its deep groundwater, which is of high pressure, was more saline than its shallow groundwater. As the capillary rise influences the topsoil, particularly in the saline pond areas, the vertical upward flow and the capillary force are thus the additional mechanisms of salt transportation to the endorheic ponds. Since these surface water bodies are the discharge sites for saline groundwater and are not perennial, a practical solution is to localize the saline groundwater. © 2014 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
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Effect of media and salinity on lipid content of cyanobacterium Hapalosiphon sp
(2014-01-01)
Ruangsomboon, Suneerat
The aim of the present work was to study the individual effect of media constituents: sodium nitrate, di-potassium hydrogen orthophosphate, ferric ammonium citrate and salinity on lipid production by Hapalosiphon sp. which cultured in BG-11 medium, in view of its possible utilization as novel raw materials for biodiesel production. Lipid content of Hapalosiphon sp. cultivated in medium containing 1, 500 mg/L sodium nitrate was 15. 78±0. 51%. Indeed, the highest lipid yield of 0. 063 g/L was found in a medium containing 375 mg/L sodium nitrate. The highest lipid content of Hapalosiphon sp. cultivated in medium containing 10 mg/L di-potassium hydrogen orthophosphate was 11. 50±0. 45%, while the highest lipid yield of 0. 044 g/L were occurred in a medium containing 20 mg/L di-potassium hydrogen orthophosphate. In various ferric ammonium citrate concentrations cultivation, the highest lipid content of Hapalosiphon sp. cultivated in a medium containing 9 mg/L ferric ammonium citrate was 12. 64±0. 38%. However, the highest lipid yield of 0. 063 g/L occurred in a medium containing 12 mg/L ferric ammonium citrate. The significantly highest lipid content and lipid productivity of Hapalosiphon sp. cultivated in salinity 10 ppt were 9. 95±0. 34% and 0. 049 g/L respectively.
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Effect of light, nutrient, cultivation time and salinity on lipid production of newly isolated strain of the green microalga, Botryococcus braunii KMITL 2
(2012-04-01)
Ruangsomboon, Suneerat
The green microalga strain, Botryococcus braunii KMITL 2, was isolated from a freshwater reservoir in central Thailand, and the effects of light, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, cultivation time and salinity on lipid production were studied by varying parameters one at a time. When cultured in Chlorella medium containing 222mgL -1 phosphorus (PO43--P) under continuous illumination of 200μEm -2s -1 with a salinity of 0psu, a maximum lipid content of 54.69±3.13% was obtained. Its high lipid content makes strain KMITL 2 a potential source for biodiesel production in tropical regions. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.

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