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Co-transplantation of phyllosphere and rhizosphere microbes promotes microbial colonization and enhances sugarcane growth
(2024-09-01)
Khoiri, Ahmad Nuruddin
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Wattanachaisaereekul, Songsak
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Jirakkakul, Jiraporn
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Sutheeworapong, Sawannee
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Kusonmano, Kanthida
Increasing evidence suggests that microbes colonizing both above- and below-ground parts of plants are critical for plant growth and agricultural productivity. However, the extent to which the interactions between above- and below-ground microbial communities affect microbial colonization and plant performance is not fully understood. To address this question, we performed a phyllosphere and rhizosphere microbiome transplantation experiment (MT-Exp) using sugarcane, followed by microbiome profiling with 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Plant phenotypic observation exhibited that transplanting field-grown sugarcane phyllosphere and/or rhizosphere onto sugarcane plantlets in a controlled growth condition significantly increased total biomass compared to un-transplanted plants. Notably, co-transplantation of phyllosphere (P) and rhizosphere (R) microbiomes (PR treatment) resulted in the most pronounced plant growth promotion. A comparison of alpha diversity revealed that microbiome transplantation enhanced the species richness of both phyllosphere and rhizosphere communities. Additionally, PERMANOVA results showed that microbiome transplantation strongly impacted the rhizosphere microbial community, while no significant differences were observed in the phyllosphere microbes. The PR treatment was found to be more effective in introducing a greater diversity of microbial taxa than single transplantation (P and R treatments), of which many of these transplanted taxa were recognized as plant growth-promoting bacteria (PGPB). Furthermore, the PR network displayed denser connectivity between above- and below-ground components compared to all other treatments. In conclusion, our findings highlight the interdependence of above-ground and below-ground microorganisms, demonstrating their indispensable role in colonizing and promoting sugarcane growth.
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Utilization of Agricultural Waste for the Cultivation of Pleurotus Mushrooms in Thailand
(2024-06-01)
Rungjindamai, Nattawut
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Trakunjarunkit, Kittipong
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Posalee, Thanutcha
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Limpanya, Duangkamol
Thailand is one of the major agricultural production countries in the world. Therefore, large amounts of agricultural waste are generated as by-products of the agroindustry. The wastes are usually discarded or burnt, resulting in environmental pollution. The main goal of this research was to evaluate the use of agricultural waste for mushroom cultivation. A total of 15 mushroom isolates were recovered from mother spawns and basidiocarps. They were screened for their cellulolytic enzyme activity on Czapek agar using carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as the sole carbon source. Two isolates of the oyster mushrooms, Pleurotus pulmonarius PP6 and Pleurotus ostreatus PO3, produced the best enzyme activities. To observe the mycelial growth on agricultural waste, the two oyster mushroom candidates were cultured in jars containing five different types of agricultural waste: corn husk, rice straw, coconut meal, coconut husk and sugarcane bagasse, and the jars were incubated at 25°C for six weeks. The results show that both isolates grew best on coconut meal, producing very densely packed mycelia. Meanwhile, corn husk and rice straw were also good sources for oyster mushroom cultivation. This study shows that these three substrates have the potential to be utilized in mushroom cultivation on a commercial scale.
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Organochlorine pesticide residues persist throughout the sugar production process
(2024-01-01)
Janjamroon, Wilailak
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Sriprom, Pongsert
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Kaewlaoyoong, Acharee
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Cheruiyot, Nicholas Kiprotich
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Permana, Lasuardi
Thailand, one of the world's largest sugarcane producers, has historically used organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) extensively in its plantations. Therefore, OCP residues are anticipated in plantation soil. However, the persistence of these compounds during sugar production is ambiguous. Thus, this study investigated the OCP residues in sugarcane at the different processing stages. Five product samples, i.e., sugarcane juice, bagasse, raw sugar, granulated white sugar, and molasses were obtained from different regions in Thailand. High concentrations of p,p′-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p′-DDT), γ-hexachlorocyclohexane (γ-HCH or lindane), and cyclodiene derivatives such as aldrin, dieldrin, heptachlor and its epoxide were found in the samples. This is surprising because the OCP use in sugarcane plantations has been long banned in Thailand. Bagasse and raw sugar had the highest total OCP concentrations of 1.0393 ± 0.7555 mg/kg and 0.9658 ± 0.8209 mg/kg, followed by white sugar (0.1616 ± 0.1311 mg/kg), molasses (0.0813 ± 0.1195 mg/kg), and sugarcane juice (0.0173 ± 0.0112 mg/kg). This study offers comprehensive information on the fate of OCPs during the entire sugarcane processing stage, from the cane to the final granulated sugar. The findings also suggest persistent OCP presence in plantation soil, possibly due to illegal use.
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Application of Geo-CropSim framework for rainfed sugarcane yield assessment in Thailand
(2022-03-28)
Bandaru, Varaprasad
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Chirumamilla, Pallavi
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Skakun, Sergii
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Lasko, Kristofer
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Yampracha, Sukunya
The adoption of hybrid approaches that use remote sensing datasets in crop simulation models for yield assessment at spatial scale has been constrained by lack of crop type maps and high-resolution remote sensing datasets. To address that, Geo-CropSim, a geospatial crop simulation modeling framework, was developed to produce high quality remote sensing products and use them in Environmental Policy Integrated Climate (EPIC) model to estimate crop yields at various spatial scales. In this study, Geo-CropSim was implemented within the Chaiyaphum province, Thailand to estimate sugarcane yields under rainfed conditions for the 2018 at 500-m resolution. Results showed that the use of Harmonized Landsat Sentinel (HLS) data along with sentinel-1 SAR data allowed to produce a land cover map with an overall accuracy of 96%. Similarly, utilization of HLS data helped to estimate emergence dates and seasonal leaf area index capturing spatial differences driven by differences in climatic conditions. Geo-CropSim yield estimates ranged from 55-98 Mg/ha and showed a typical north-south gradient of decreased yields reflecting lower rainfall and soil quality in the south. Simulated yields showed good a correlation with district and field observed yields with RMSE values of 11.7 Mg/ha and 15.75 Mg/ha, respectively. Overall, simulated yields had uncertainty indicated by mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), less than 20% which is considered as acceptable accuracy for regional yield assessment. Even though it is required to test the framework's performance for long-term consistency over multiple regions, this study demonstrated Geo-CropSim's potential to produce sugarcane yields under rainfed conditions with reasonable accuracy.
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Evaluation of informative spectral wavelengths for estimating soluble solids content in sugarcane billets
(2022-02-22)
Udompetaikul, Vasu
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Phetpan, Kittisak
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Sirisomboon, Panmanas
This study proposed individual spectral wavelengths significant to estimate soluble solids content (SSC) in sugarcane billets moving on the conveyor. At the same time, an all-in-one quality and yield monitor using those wavelengths for a sugarcane harvester was also proposed. Seven wavelengths, 475, 560, 668, 717, 755, 840, and 890 nm, were arranged into three groups for modeling. Group 1, consisting of 475, 560, 668, 717, and 840 nm, was based on the spectral responses of a commercial multispectral camera, while group 2 (717 and 840 nm) was based on the invisible (RedEdge and near-infrared or NIR) responses of the camera. For group 3, two sugar-related wavelengths at 755 and 890 nm were selected as the candidates for modeling. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was employed to model those three groups with corresponding soluble solids content (SSC). The results showed that the developed models based on two sugar-related wavelengths at 755 and 890 nm provided the best performance, explaining 80.2 % of the variance in the SSC and displaying a root mean square error of calibration (RMSEC) of 0.32 ºBrix. The predictive performance had the root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.33 ºBrix. This finding confirmed the effectiveness of the sugar wavelengths and conveyed the possibility to develop the sugarcane quality and yield monitor.
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Development of the partial least-squares model to determine the soluble solids content of sugarcane billets on an elevator conveyor
(2021-01-01)
Udompetaikul, Vasu
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Phetpan, Kittisak
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Sirisomboon, Panmanas
This study aimed to determine the optimum multivariate model for monitoring the soluble solids content (SSC) of sugarcane billets being transferred on a conveyor. The study covered two main issues: the exploration of an appropriate spectral range (450–900 nm versus 700–900 nm) and the assessment of the influence of different levels of cane billets on an elevator via modelling to predict the SSC values. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was used for model development. Modelling using the range of 450–900 nm employed 4 latent variables (LVs) and showed the coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean squares error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.83 and 0.29 °Brix, respectively. This caused the model established using the range of 700–900 nm, employed 3 LVs and provided the R2 and RMSEP values of 0.81 and 0.31 °Brix, respectively, seems more appropriate. In case of assessing the different cane levels on the conveyor, the outcomes presented model performance of the full and half cane levels in predicting half and full cane datasets with R2 and RMSEP of 0.52 and 0.55 °Brix and 0.53 and 0.48 °Brix, respectively. This showed that the different levels affected the SSC predictive accuracy of the model. The combined model was developed to cover variations of this difference and was used to predict two external sets. The predictions of ninety and thirty samples that were collected from the same and different growing seasons as the samples for the modelling presented the R2, RMSEP and RPD of 0.70, 0.42 °Brix and 1.83 and 0.56, 0.42 °Brix and 2.00, respectively.
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Limiting rice and sugarcane residue burning in Thailand: Current status, challenges and strategies
(2020-12-15)
Kumar, Ipsita
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Bandaru, Varaprasad
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Yampracha, Sukunya
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Sun, Laixiang
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Fungtammasan, Bundit
As population and consumption grow, so does crop production and its residue. Crop residue is traditionally burned in developing countries, which impacts environment, economy, society and health. Thailand faces similar challenges as it is among the largest producers of rice paddy and sugarcane in the world with 83% of its total burnt residue coming from these crops. To address this problem, the Government of Thailand has implemented some policies (e.g. Alternative Energy Development Plan (AEDP) and zero burning policy for sugarcane) targeting both, the use of residue, and the practice of burning. While these policies appear to control residue burning to some extent, there are still challenges, especially for poorer farmers, who rely on manual harvesting practices. The paper looks into the current status of rice and sugarcane residue burning, its impacts on the environment, existing policies, current challenges, and future solutions through sustainable management practices. To achieve reduction in residue burning, the best possible solution is to use residue for alternative purposes. Some sustainable management practices include use of residue for energy production, green harvesting to improve soil nutrients, biochar production and composting. Thailand can also learn from solutions implemented in other countries, to reduce some of the impacts of crop residue burning.
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An online visible and near-infrared spectroscopic technique for the real-time evaluation of the soluble solids content of sugarcane billets on an elevator conveyor
(2018-11-01)
Phetpan, Kittisak
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Udompetaikul, Vasu
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Sirisomboon, Panmanas
The aim of this research study is to propose a prototype online detection system based on the visible and near-infrared spectroscopic (vis/SW-NIR) technique for the real-time evaluation of the soluble solids content (SSC) of sugarcane billets on an elevator conveyor. The system consisted of two main parts, a cane billet elevator and a spectral acquisition device. An elevator speed of 2 m/s was used for the transfer of sugarcane billets. Spectra acquisition was performed using four 50 W tungsten halogen lamps as a light source in conjunction with vis/SW-NIR spectrometer in reflectance mode. Partial least squares regression (PLSR) was subsequently used to correlate the spectra with the experimentally determined SSC values. The model performance was then assessed using an independent prediction set. The model was found to display a coefficient of determination of prediction (R2) of 0.785, a root mean square error of prediction (RMSEP) of 0.30 and a residual predictive deviation (RPD) of 2.16. The result on the prediction set confirm that the proposed system is suitable for the online SSC measurement of the sugarcane billets on an elevator conveyor.

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