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Testing Pellets Fuel Production from Sewage Sludge of Palm Oil Industry
(2024-01-01)
Maneerat, Sukrit
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Rittichote Kaewpengkrow, Prangtip
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Bunmephiphit, Chanon
The wastes from the palm oil production process were used in this study, such as wastewater sludge and cake decenter or decanter waste. That moisture was less than 40% and increased density by the cold pelletizing process. The aim is to use pellet fuel for heating. Analysis of pellet fuel consists of physical properties, proximate (moisture, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon) and heating value. The results showed that cake decenter and wastewater sludge had similar high volatile matter. The decenter cake had a higher heating value than the wastewater sludge at 26.649 and 14.965 MJ/kg, respectively. The ash of decenter cake was lower than wastewater at 11.71% and 22.34%, respectively. Blending both raw materials for pelletization increased the volatile matter that did not mix with another material. Therefore, both materials can be used to produce pellet fuel that has an optimal shape and size. That was hard to break. The results of chemical property testing show that it is within acceptable limits and can be used as pellet fuel.
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Insight review of attached microalgae growth focusing on support material packed in photobioreactor for sustainable biodiesel production and wastewater bioremediation
(2020-12-01)
Rosli, Siti Suhailah
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Amalina Kadir, Wan Nadiah
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Wong, Chung Yiin
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Han, Fon Yee
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Lim, Jun Wei
The suspended microalgal cultivation systems targeting the production of lipid for biodiesel is still unable to meet the commercial and economic feasibility due to high energy and cost inputs during the harvesting process. Currently, the attached microalgal cultivation systems are known as an innovative technology to resolve the problematic aspects of suspended cultivation as the biomass can be easily separated from the culture medium with negligible energy input and no chemical need. Accordingly, this paper is focusing on reviewing various support materials utilized by researchers in growing the attached microalgal biomass in either fixed bed or fluidized bed bioreactor to ensure sustainable biomass production prior for biodiesel. An extensive review of the cultivation conditions impacting the growth of attached microalgal biomass is conducted in determining the optimized condition to enhance biomass productivity. The novelty of this paper is presented through in-depth analyses and discussions concerning the kinetic models and mechanisms study in selecting the suitable support materials for attached microalgal growth system. The incorporation of the cultivation condition parameter in predicting the growth of attached microalgae biomass via kinetic study is crucial in proffering new directions for technological developments and microalgal industry application. The ability of attached microalgal biomass in efficiently assimilate the nutrients available in the nutrient-rich wastewater for the microalgae growth is considered as an economical feasible approached. The suitable photobioreactor designs for growing the attached microalgal biomass are also discussed in detail in ensuring the sustainability of attached microalgal biomass production.
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Adsorption of copper (II) and nickel (II) by chemical modified magnetic biochar derived from eichhornia crassipes
(2019-05-01)
Chaiyaraksa, Chompoonut
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Boonyakiat, Watcharapol
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Bukkontod, Wannisa
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Ngakom, Wanvisa
A heavy metal contamination problem in Thailand is an important issue that needs to be addressed urgently, particularly contaminated in water. Heavy metal contamination in water can spread to other environments faster. This research aims to apply chitosan-magnetic biochar synthesized from water hyacinth in order to solve the problem of copper and nickel contaminated in water. Data from SEM indicated that chitosan-magnetic biochar had a smoother surface and had smaller holes than the magnetic biochar. When tested with Autosorb-1, results indicated that the adsorbent with chitosan had a slightly lower porosity compared to without chitosan. Data from FTIR found evidence of chitosan on the adsorbent. According to the XRD study, peaks of iron oxide presented. The point of zero charges (pH<inf>PZC</inf>) of chitosan-magnetic biochar was 7.03. The adsorption isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics were observed. The adsorption of both Cu and Ni followed Langmuir isotherm. The value of q<inf>max</inf> for Cu was 38.4615 mg/g and for Ni was 0.4858 mg/g. The R<sup>2</sup> value of Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm was also high. The E value of Cu and Ni was 0.316 kJ/mol and 1.8962 kJ/mol, respectively. The best-fitting kinetic model for Cu was the pseudo-second-order model and for Ni was the intra-particle diffusion. The adsorption was an endothermic process. The process was spontaneous at high temperatures and non-spontaneous at low temperatures.
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Using ANOVA to evaluate the effects of swine slaughterhouse wastewater conditions on algae growth
(2018-01-01)
Sornnery, Achara
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Pimpunchat, Busayamas
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Tuntiwarasakul, Daranporn
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Kitrungloadjanaporn, Pongpatai
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Amornsamankul, Somkid
Wastewater is a major environmental problem. Swine slaughterhouses generate a large volume of wastewater with high an organic load and nutrients. It therefore has the potential to cause environmental problems. The effects of swine slaughterhouse wastewater conditions on algae growth are evaluated. Microalgae, Chlorella vulgaris TIST8580 in water mixtures Tris acetate phosphate medium (control) and in diluted sewage from a slaughter house with the ratio of 25:75 and 50:50 (sewage: water) were experimentally studied. We used One-way ANalysis Of Variance (One-way ANOVA) and Two-ways analysis of variance (Two-way ANOVA) techniques for testing the differences between the 3 cases of the culture conditions used. It was found that from the One-Way ANOVA, the average number of cells of algae in wastewater in the 25% and 50% groups is not significantly different but both of these groups are significantly different from that of the control group. In addition, from the Two-Way ANOVA, we found that unlike the control group, the same kind of data in both 25% and 50% groups had no significant difference. This implies that the characteristic growth of algae in these two group do not significantly change over the culture period. We believe that our finding could benefit the researchers to properly design experiments especially for the case of resource limitation.
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Selective recovery of nickel ions from wastewater of stainless steel industry via HFSLM
(2009-05-12)
Lothongkum, Anchaleeporn Waritswat
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Khemglad, Yuttapong
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Usomboon, Nantawat
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Pancharoen, Ura
High concentration of heavy metal ions in all kinds of effluents, especially in wastewater is of great concern for hazardous pollution due to their high toxicities and wide environmental spreading. The selective stripping or recovery of nickel ions from wastewater of the stainless steel-cold rolled plate process by hollow fiber supported liquid membrane was studied. The optimum conditions were examined in a batch process. The pH of feed, types and concentrations of the extractants, concentration of the stripping solution (sulfuric acid), flow rates of feed and stripping solutions, and volumetric ratio of feed to stripping solutions were investigated. The extractants, i.e., D2EHPA, Cyanex 301, Cyanex 272 and LIX 860-I were dissolved in kerosene as a membrane solution, which was supported by a microporous hydrophobic hollow fiber membrane extractor. Consequently, two consecutive modules of hollow fiber were applied to recover more nickel ions. The results showed that LIX 860-I was the most effective to selectively retrieve nickel ions from wastewater at a feed pH of 4. The percentage of the recovery and selectivity of nickel ions increased in accordance with an increase in the concentration of LIX 860-I and decreased after the concentration of LIX 860-I was higher than 0.8 M. It was found that the percentage of recovery of nickel ions increased with sulfuric acid concentration and lower flow rates of feed and stripping solutions. Higher nickel ions were obtained at the flow rates of feed and stripping solutions of 100 ml/min and reduced when the flow rates increased. In addition, in this study it is recommended to use equal volume of feed and stripping solutions of 3500:3500 (ml:ml) to attain more nickel ions recovery. For a single-module operation, the percentage of recovery of nickel ions was 58%, and 87% by double-module operation. © 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

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