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    Item type:Publication,
    Structural Imbalance and Life-Cycle Cost Coverage in Vertical Greenery Systems: A Systematic Literature Review
    (2026-04-01)
    Phatthanaphan, Nitchaya
    ;
    Wongvorachan, Tarid
    ;
    Wutisun, Duangkamon
    ;
    Singkham, Sathirat
    ;
    Petsirasan, Sippakorn
    Vertical greenery systems (VGS), including vertical gardens (VG) and green façades (GF), are increasingly promoted as nature-based solutions for sustainable urban development. Despite their environmental benefits, economic evaluation remains fragmented, particularly within a life-cycle cost (LCC) perspective. This study conducts a systematic literature review to examine the structural configuration of cost-related research on VGS within an LCC framework. Following the PRISMA protocol, 136 peer-reviewed articles published between 2021 and 2025 were identified through a structured search of the ScienceDirect database and retained as the analytical dataset. Bibliometric mapping, thematic classification, and co-occurrence analysis were applied to assess publication patterns, the distribution of cost components, and reporting structures. Five principal cost categories were identified: Installation and Operation, Maintenance, Consumables, Materials and Manufacturing, and Design. The results reveal a pronounced concentration on installation and maintenance costs, while design-phase economics and comprehensive LCC integration remain marginal. Most studies address only one or two cost categories, indicating structural fragmentation. In addition, heterogeneous reporting units and inconsistent contextual descriptors constrain cross-study comparability and cumulative synthesis. Collectively, the findings demonstrate that although cost research on VGS is expanding, it has not yet achieved methodological maturity within a standardized LCC framework. Advancing harmonized cost-reporting protocols and integrated life-cycle modeling is therefore essential to support robust economic evaluation and informed implementation of VGS in sustainable built environments.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Comparison of costs and returns on oil palm production of member and non-member farmers under large agricultural plot scheme in Bang Saphan Noi District, Prachuap Khiri Khan Province
    (2018-03-01)
    Juyjaeng, C.
    ;
    Suwanmaneepong, S.
    The results showed that the total production cost of LAPS member farmers was 4,028 Thai Baht (THB) per Rai, including the fixed cost was 500 THB per Rai, which land use was a majority cost accounting for 99%, the variable cost was 3,528.48 THB per Rai, which materials and wage were majority costs accounting for 64.72% and 35.28% respectively; and the return over cash cost was 22,716.78 THB per Rai. Meanwhile, the total cost of production of non- LAPS member farmers was 3,304.77 THB per Rai, including the fixed cost was 500 THB per Rai, which land use was a majority cost accounting for 99%, the variable cost was 2,805.17 THB per Rai, which materials and wage were majority costs accounting for 53.81% and 46.19%, respectively and the return over cash cost was 18,152.01 THB per Rai. The oil palm production cost of member and that of non-member farmers under LAPS were differed in the cost of planting materials namely organic fertilizer with statistical significance at the 0.05 level (P-value = 0.047), whereas the others costs were not statistically differed. Regarding production returns, the product prices were significantly differed at the 0 .05 level (P-value = .000).