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    A Simple and Rapid Synthesis of Spherical Silver Phosphate (Ag3PO4) and Its Antimicrobial Activity in Plant Tissue Culture
    (2025-08-01)
    Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
    ;
    Boonchom, Banjong
    ;
    Rungrojchaipon, Pesak
    ;
    Boonmee, Wimonmat
    ;
    Seesanong, Somkiat
    A simple and rapid precipitation process was successfully employed to prepare silver phosphate (SP, Ag<inf>3</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>). Two different phosphate sources: diammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>HPO<inf>4</inf>) and dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (K<inf>2</inf>HPO<inf>4</inf>) were applied separately as the precursor, obtaining ((NH<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>HPO<inf>4</inf>)<sup>−</sup> and K<inf>2</inf>HPO<inf>4</inf><sup>−</sup> derived SP powders, named SP-A or SP-P, respectively. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra pointed out the vibrational characteristics of P–O and O–P–O interactions, confirming the presence of the PO43– functional group for SP. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed that the SP crystallized in a cubic crystal structure. Whereas the field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) exposed spherical SP particles. The potentially antibacterial activity of SP-A and SP-P against bacterial Bacillus stratosphericus, yeast Meyerozyma guilliermondii, and fungal Phanerodontia chrysosporium was subsequently investigated. All studied microorganisms were recovered and isolated from the aquatic plant during the tissue culture process. The preliminary result of the antimicrobial test revealed that SP-A has higher antimicrobial activity than SP-P. The superior antimicrobial efficiency of SP-A compared to SP-P may be attributed to its purity and crystallite size, which provide a higher surface area and more active sites. In addition, the presence of potassium-related impurities in SP-P could have negatively affected its antimicrobial performance. These findings suggest that SP holds potential as an antimicrobial agent for maintaining sterility in tissue cultures, particularly in aquatic plant systems. The growth of both B. stratosphericus and M. guilliermondii was suppressed effectively at 30 ppm SP-A, whereas 10 ppm of SP-A can suppress P. chrysosporium development. This present work also highlights the potential of SP at very low concentrations (10–30 ppm) for utilization as an effective antimicrobial agent in tissue culture, compared to a commercial antimicrobial agent, viz., acetic acid, at the same concentration.
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    Effect of arbuscular mycorrhiza and rhizobium on physiology and yield of peanut under drought conditions
    (2024-01-01)
    Aninbon, Chorkaew
    ;
    Teamkao, Pattrarat
    ;
    Buram, Kiattisak
    ;
    Kaewnoo, Tipawan
    ;
    Ruttanaprasert, Ruttanachira
    Drought is the one primary issue limiting peanut growth and productivity. The study aimed to investigate the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), rhizobium (Rhi), and their combinations on phenolic content, proline content, growth, and yield of peanut under different soil water regimes. The pot experiments were carried out for two growing seasons under greenhouse conditions and designed based on a 2×3 factorial in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with four replications. Factor A comprised two soil water regimes: field capacity (FC) and 1/3 available soil water (1/3 AW), whereas factor B included three different types of microorganisms: (i) uninoculated control, (ii) arbuscular mycorrhiza (AMF), and (iii) a combination of AMF and rhizobium (Rhi) inoculations. Data were collected for growth, proline content, phenolic content, yield, and yield components. Drought stress significantly reduced in relative water content, leaf area, biomass, yield, and yield components of peanut, whereas leaf phenolic content was increased under drought stress. Higher pod dry weight was achieved under FC conditions (28.87 g plant<sup>-1</sup>), and it was reduced to 16.06 g plant<sup>-1</sup> under 1/3 FC. Interestingly, AMF+Rhi synergistically increased the leaf area compared with non-incubated peanut under 1/3 FC conditions. AMF-inoculated peanut tended to increase biomass, while the combination of AMF+Rhi tended to have higher yield components compared with uninoculated control, especially for the weight of 100 seeds.
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