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A 500-mV, 124.11-nW first-order universal shadow filter based on multiple-input DDTAs
(2026-07-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Thanyaratsakul, Nattapong
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Arbet, Daniel
This paper proposes a novel first-order multifunction filter capable of simultaneously realizing non-inverting and inverting low-pass, high-pass, and all-pass filter responses using multiple-input differential difference transconductance amplifiers (MI-DDTAs). The design leverages the shadow filter technique, enabling electronic tuning of the pole frequency across all filter responses through an external voltage-controlled amplifier. This approach offers enhanced flexibility and reconfigurability, making it highly attractive for adaptive analog signal processing. The MI-DDTA core is implemented using a multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor architecture, optimized for ultra-low-voltage and ultra-low-power operation. Designed in Cadence Virtuoso using the 65 nm TSMC CMOS (1P9M) process, the proposed MI-DDTA occupies a compact silicon area of 171 μm × 119 μm. Operating from a 500 mV supply, the shadow filter achieves a dynamic range of 55.9 dB for a 200 mV<inf>pp</inf> input signal, with total harmonic distortion limited to 1%. Owing to its exceptionally low bias currents, the shadow filter exhibits a total power consumption of only 124.11 nW, making it well suited for energy-constrained biomedical and IoT sensor applications, where low-frequency signal processing, compact implementation, and high energy efficiency are essential. To validate the proposed concept, a discrete prototype was also developed using MI-DDTA configurations built with LM13700 operational transconductance amplifiers. The experimental results confirm the expected filter behavior and demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed design in practical scenarios.
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MI-OTA Based First Order Filters for Biomedical Applications
(2026-01-01)
Khateb, Fabian
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Kumngern, Montree
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Arbet, Daniel
A low-power, electronically tunable voltage-mode first-order universal filter employing a multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs). It does not require component matching, input matching, or signal inversion, simplifying practical implementation. Designed in 65 nm CMOS at 0.5 V, it consumes 10 nW and achieves a 41.7 dB dynamic range. Experimental results using commercially available LM13600N integrated circuits confirm its practical feasibility and versatility for low-power biomedical applications.
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A 0.5-V MI-OTA-based shadow universal filter with integrated passband gain compensation and low-pass control for low-frequency applications
(2025-12-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Arbet, Daniel
Ultra-low-power active filters have received increasing attention in recent years due to emerging applications such as bio-signal sensing and wearable electronic devices, where they are employed in the analog front-end to eliminate interference noise. This paper presents a novel voltage-mode shadow universal filter based on multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs). The multiple-input functionality of the OTA is implemented using the multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor (MIBD-MOST) technique, which enables low supply voltage operation and a wide input voltage swing. Additionally, the use of subthreshold operation contributes to the low-power consumption of the OTA. The proposed shadow filter is implemented using a voltage-mode universal filter, in which the low-pass section is employed to control the natural frequency through an external amplifier. The proposed filter provides both non-inverting and inverting transfer functions of low-pass filter (LPF), high-pass filter (HPF), band-pass filter (BPF), band-stop filter (BSF), and all-pass filter (APF). The circuit was designed and simulated using Cadence Virtuoso, utilizing TSMC’s 65-nm 1P9M CMOS technology. The total silicon area of the MI-OTA measured 148 μm × 89 μm. Operating at a supply voltage of 0.5 V and a cutoff frequency of 31.2 Hz, the filter achieved an overall power consumption of 350 nW. Experimental validation was conducted using a prototype implemented with commercially available LM13700N integrated circuits, confirming the filter’s functionality and effectiveness. The proposed design is well suited for low-voltage, low-power applications, particularly low-frequency bio-signal processing such as EEG and EGG acquisition systems, as well as sensor interface systems.
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A 42.5 nW, 0.5 V Differential Difference Transconductance Amplifier and Its Application in Low-Power Universal Shadow Filter
(2025-01-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Arbet, Daniel
This paper presents new low-power universal shadow filters based on an enhanced CMOS structure utilizing multiple-input differential difference current transconductance amplifiers (MI-DDTAs). The multiple inputs of the DDTA are achieved through a differential pair with multiple-input MOS transistors driven simultaneously from both the gate and bulk terminals using DTMOS technique, which increases the total transconductance of the structure. Furthermore, a self-cascode configuration combining regular and low-threshold voltage (LVT) transistors is employed to achieve high output resistance comparable to a standard cascode structure, while maintaining operation in a low-voltage environment. The DDTA operates in the subthreshold region, and simulation results with a supply voltage of 0.5 V show power consumption in the nanowatt range while offering near rail-to-rail operation. The proposed universal filter offers five standard filtering functions such as low-pass filter, high-pass filter, band-pass filter, band-stop filter, and all-pass filter when an input is applied to the input. Thanks to multiple inputs of DDTA, the proposed universal filter is resistor less and it offers both non-inverting and inverting transfer functions of five standard filtering functions. The natural frequency and the quality factor can be electronically controlled by internal parameters. The proposed universal filter can be transferred to work as universal shadow filter, which can control the natural frequency and the quantity factor using external parameters. The proposed shadow filter provides both non-inverting and inverting transfer functions of five standard filtering functions, thus providing 10 filter responses from a single circuit. The natural frequency and the quality factor of all filtering functions can be electronically controlled using external amplifiers. The proposed DDTA and active filters were designed and simulated using the Cadence Virtuoso Analog Design Environment, based on TSMC’s 65-nm 1P9M CMOS technology. The MI-DDTA occupies a chip area of 171 µm × 119 µm.
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0.5 V Versatile Voltage- and Transconductance-Mode Analog Filter Using Differential Difference Transconductance Amplifier
(2023-01-01)
Kulej, Tomasz
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Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Arbet, Daniel
In this work, a new versatile voltage- and transconductance-mode analog filter is proposed. The filter, without requiring resistors, employs three differential-difference transconductance amplifiers (DDTAs) and two grounded capacitors, which is suitable for integrated circuit implementation. Unlike previous works, the proposed filter topology provides: (1) high-input and low-output impedances for a voltage-mode (VM) analog filter, that is desirable in a cascade method of realizing higher order filters, and (2) high-input and high-output impedances for a transconductance-mode (TM) analog filter without any circuit modification. Moreover, a quadrature oscillator is obtained by simply adding a feedback connection. Both VM and TM filters provide five standard filtering responses such as low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop and all-pass responses into single topology. The natural frequency and the condition of oscillation can be electronically controlled. The circuit operates with 0.5 V supply voltage. It was designed and simulated in the Cadence program using 0.18 µm CMOS technology from TSMC.
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Fully differential fifth-order dual-notch low-pass filter for portable EEG system
(2022-03-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Arbet, Daniel
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Akbari, Meysam
This paper presents a new fully differential fifth-order dual-notch low-pass filter based on multiple-input multiple-output operational transconductance amplifiers (MIMO OTA). This work shows that MIMO OTA-based fifth-order dual-notch filter can reduce the number of used OTAs, resulting in simplified realization and low-power consumption. The multiple-input OTA is obtained by using the multiple-input dynamic threshold MOS (DTMOS) technique without additional differential pairs. A simple common-mode feedback technique has been used; thus, fully differential OTA can be easily obtained. The proposed dual-notch low-pass filter can be applied to electroencephalogram (EEG) detection system to reject the 50 Hz powerline interference and the third harmonic 150 Hz. The proposed filter has been simulated using Cadence environment with 0.18 µm TSMC CMOS process. The power supply of 0.5 V is used and the total power consumption of the MIMO OTA is 17.5 nW. The proposed filter provides 49.7 dB dynamic range for 1% total harmonic distortion (THD) for a sine input signal of 250 mV<inf>pp</inf> at 10 Hz. At 50 Hz and 150 Hz the notch depths of attenuation are respectively −37.2 dB and −47.4 dB. The pre-layout simulation results are in good agreement with the theory.
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A 0.5-V 95-dB rail-to-rail DDA for biosignal processing
(2022-02-01)
Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Kumngern, Montree
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Arbet, Daniel
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Jaikla, Winai
This paper presents a new low-voltage CMOS structure for differential difference amplifier (DDA) optimized for low frequency biosignal processing. The DDA input stage is based on a non-tailed bulk-driven (BD) differential pair offering rail-to-rail input common mode range (ICMR) under 0.5 V voltage supply. Unlike the conventional two differential pairs DDA structure, the proposed one employs one differential pair created by the multiple-input MOS transistor (MI-MOST) technique offering simple circuitry. Although the bulk-driven and the MI-MOST techniques reduce the amplifier's transconductance, the gain is boosted by increasing the output resistance using a self-cascode transistor and a partial positive feedback. As a result, a 95-dB voltage gain is achieved which is larger than achieved gain for most sub-0.5 V designs presented in the literature. The DDA has 12.66 kHz gain bandwidth product, and consumes 313nW of power. The input thermal noise is 0.88 µV/Hz<sup>1/2</sup> and the average slew-rate is 14.7 V/ms at 20pF load capacitance. As an example of application, a band-pass filter (BPF) based on two DDAs with adjustable gain for electrocardiogram (ECG) signal processing is presented. The 0.18 µm CMOS technology from TSMC has been used and extensive simulation results in Cadence environment including process, voltage and temperature corners and Monte–Carlo analysis have been carried-out to demonstrate the robustness of the design.

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