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A 500-mV, 124.11-nW first-order universal shadow filter based on multiple-input DDTAs
(2026-07-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Thanyaratsakul, Nattapong
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Arbet, Daniel
This paper proposes a novel first-order multifunction filter capable of simultaneously realizing non-inverting and inverting low-pass, high-pass, and all-pass filter responses using multiple-input differential difference transconductance amplifiers (MI-DDTAs). The design leverages the shadow filter technique, enabling electronic tuning of the pole frequency across all filter responses through an external voltage-controlled amplifier. This approach offers enhanced flexibility and reconfigurability, making it highly attractive for adaptive analog signal processing. The MI-DDTA core is implemented using a multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor architecture, optimized for ultra-low-voltage and ultra-low-power operation. Designed in Cadence Virtuoso using the 65 nm TSMC CMOS (1P9M) process, the proposed MI-DDTA occupies a compact silicon area of 171 μm × 119 μm. Operating from a 500 mV supply, the shadow filter achieves a dynamic range of 55.9 dB for a 200 mV<inf>pp</inf> input signal, with total harmonic distortion limited to 1%. Owing to its exceptionally low bias currents, the shadow filter exhibits a total power consumption of only 124.11 nW, making it well suited for energy-constrained biomedical and IoT sensor applications, where low-frequency signal processing, compact implementation, and high energy efficiency are essential. To validate the proposed concept, a discrete prototype was also developed using MI-DDTA configurations built with LM13700 operational transconductance amplifiers. The experimental results confirm the expected filter behavior and demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed design in practical scenarios.
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MI-OTA Based First Order Filters for Biomedical Applications
(2026-01-01)
Khateb, Fabian
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Kumngern, Montree
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Arbet, Daniel
A low-power, electronically tunable voltage-mode first-order universal filter employing a multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs). It does not require component matching, input matching, or signal inversion, simplifying practical implementation. Designed in 65 nm CMOS at 0.5 V, it consumes 10 nW and achieves a 41.7 dB dynamic range. Experimental results using commercially available LM13600N integrated circuits confirm its practical feasibility and versatility for low-power biomedical applications.
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A 0.5-V MI-OTA-based shadow universal filter with integrated passband gain compensation and low-pass control for low-frequency applications
(2025-12-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Arbet, Daniel
Ultra-low-power active filters have received increasing attention in recent years due to emerging applications such as bio-signal sensing and wearable electronic devices, where they are employed in the analog front-end to eliminate interference noise. This paper presents a novel voltage-mode shadow universal filter based on multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs). The multiple-input functionality of the OTA is implemented using the multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor (MIBD-MOST) technique, which enables low supply voltage operation and a wide input voltage swing. Additionally, the use of subthreshold operation contributes to the low-power consumption of the OTA. The proposed shadow filter is implemented using a voltage-mode universal filter, in which the low-pass section is employed to control the natural frequency through an external amplifier. The proposed filter provides both non-inverting and inverting transfer functions of low-pass filter (LPF), high-pass filter (HPF), band-pass filter (BPF), band-stop filter (BSF), and all-pass filter (APF). The circuit was designed and simulated using Cadence Virtuoso, utilizing TSMC’s 65-nm 1P9M CMOS technology. The total silicon area of the MI-OTA measured 148 μm × 89 μm. Operating at a supply voltage of 0.5 V and a cutoff frequency of 31.2 Hz, the filter achieved an overall power consumption of 350 nW. Experimental validation was conducted using a prototype implemented with commercially available LM13700N integrated circuits, confirming the filter’s functionality and effectiveness. The proposed design is well suited for low-voltage, low-power applications, particularly low-frequency bio-signal processing such as EEG and EGG acquisition systems, as well as sensor interface systems.
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Shadow universal filter with independent Q tuning at 0.45 V using MI-OTAs
(2025-09-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Thanyaratsakul, Nattapong
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Kulej, Tomasz
This paper presents a novel shadow universal filter implemented in voltage mode, based on multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (MI-OTAs). The proposed shadow universal filter incorporates both non-inverting and inverting transfer functions for low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop, and all-pass responses within a single topology. The proposed filter is a shadow universal filter that employs low-pass and high-pass filters feedback to the input. It enables independent control of the quality factor for all filtering responses through an external amplifier, without altering the natural frequency. Moreover, during quality factor tuning, any variation in passband gain can be compensated by appropriately adjusting the input signal configuration. These advantages of the proposed shadow universal filter are enabled by the multiple-input capability of the operational transconductance amplifier (OTA), which is implemented using the multiple-input bulk-driven MOS transistor (MIBD-MOST) technique. The MI-OTA operates at an ultra-low supply voltage of 0.45 V and consumes only 270 nW of power. For the low-pass shadow filter configuration, a dynamic range of 48 dB was achieved at 1% total harmonic distortion. Experimental validation was conducted using a prototype implemented with commercially available LM13700N integrated circuits, confirming the filter's functionality and effectiveness.
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16-nW 0.5-V low-pass filter for bio-signal applications
(2025-01-01)
Phatsornsiri, Punnavich
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Kumngern, Montree
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Khateb, Fabian
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Torteanchai, Usa
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Wongprommoon, Natapong
A low-voltage, ultra-low power fully differential low-pass filter for bio-signal applications using multiple-input fully differential operational transconductance amplifiers (OTA) is presented in this article. The multiple inputs of OTA can be achieved using multiple-input dynamic threshold MOS transistor (MIDT-MOST) technique. The novelty of this work is to exhibit the proposed filter using multiple-input OTAs, which leads to a reduction in the number of active OTAs and power consumption. The fourth-order low-pass filter that is cascaded by two second-order filters has been presented. The fourth-order low-pass filter is designed and simulated in the Cadence environment using the 0.18 μm CMOS technology from TSMC at a supply voltage of 0.5 V. The simulation results show that the filter consumes 16 nW of power at a bandwidth of 110 Hz, has a total harmonic distortion (THD) of 1 % at 204.96 mV input amplitude, and provides dynamic range of 69.24 dB. These results indicate that the proposed low-pass filter can be applied to bio-signal processing applications.
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Nanopower multiple-input DTMOS OTA and its applications to high-order filters for biomedical systems
(2021-02-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Kulej, Tomasz
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Khateb, Fabian
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Stopjakova, Viera
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Ranjan, Rajeev K.
A new solution for a low-voltage multiple-input dynamic threshold operational transconductance amplifier (MIDT OTA) for low-frequency signal processing applications is presented. The differential pairs of the proposed OTA combine, for the first time, the multiple-input MOS technique along with the dynamic threshold voltage MOS to achieve a very simple and power-efficient CMOS structure with increased total transconductance. Further, the proposed MIDT OTA has been used to realize a fifth-order low-pass filter (LP) and a sixth-order band-pass filter (BP) using coupled-biquads. The proposed OTA and the filter applications are supplied with 0.5 V and consume 5 nW and 25 nW, respectively. The input band pass filter noise is 82.76 µV, while the dynamic range is 59.5 dB for the third intermodulation distortion (IMD) of 2%. The proposed circuits were designed in a 0.18 µm TSMC technology, and validated by simulations using Cadence platform.
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Programmable Universal Filter and Quadrature Oscillator Using Single Output Operational Transconductance Amplifiers
(2021-01-01)
Knobnob, Boonying
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Torteanchai, Usa
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Kumngern, Montree
This paper presents a new programmable universal filter and quadrature oscillator based on the single output operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs). The proposed universal filter and quadrature oscillator can be achieved into single topology by programming analog switches. When the circuit performs as a universal filter, it can realize low-pass, high-pass, band-pass, band-stop and all-pass filters with orthogonal and electronic controls of the natural frequency and quality factor. When the circuit performs as a quadrature oscillator, it provides a three-phase quadrature output signal which the condition and frequency of oscillations can be controlled orthogonally and electronically. The proposed structure can be realized based on the single output OTAs which are easily implemented as both commercially available integrated circuits (ICs) as OTAs and complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) OTAs as IC forms. SPICE simulation using standard 0.18 µm CMOS process is used for investigating the performance of the proposed circuit whereas the workability of new circuit is confirmed by LM13600 discrete-component integrated circuits as OTAs.
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0.5 V fifth-order butterworth low-pass filter using multiple-input OTA for ECG applications
(2020-12-02)
Kumngern, Montree
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Aupithak, Nattharinee
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Khateb, Fabian
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Kulej, Tomasz
This paper presents a 0.5 V fifth-order Butterworth low-pass filter based on multiple-input operational transconductance amplifiers (OTA). The filter is designed for electrocardiogram (ECG) acquisition systems and operates in the subthreshold region with nano-watt power consumption. The used multiple-input technique simplifies the overall structure of the OTA and reduces the number of active elements needed to realize the filter. The filter was designed and simulated in the Cadence environment using a 0.18 µm Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) process from Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC). Simulation results show that the filter has a bandwidth of 250 Hz, a power consumption of 34.65 nW, a dynamic range of 63.24 dB, attaining a figure-of-merit of 0.0191 pJ. The corner (process, voltage, temperature: PVT) and Monte Carlo (MC) analyses are included to prove the robustness of the filter.
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Versatile electronically tunable voltage-mode filter based on simple CMOS OTAs
(2017-12-01)
Torteanchai, Usa
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Yutthanaboon, Sathian
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Sarsitthithum, Kanok
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Kumngern, Montree
In this paper, a new versatile electronically controllable voltage-mode biquadratic filter with four inputs and three outputs based on simple CMOS operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs) is presented. By appropriately selecting the input and output terminals, the proposed filter can work as either a single-input multiple-output (SIMO) or a multiple-input single-output (MISO) biquadratic filter without changing the circuit topology. When it is a function of SIMO filter, the circuit provides band-pass (BP), low-pass (LP) and band-stop (BS) voltage responses and using grounded capacitors. The all-pass (AP) and high-pass (HP) voltage responses can be obtained using addition and subtraction circuits. Continually, when it is a function of MISO filter, the circuit can realize five standard non-inverting and inverting filtering functions such as LP, BP, HP, BS and AP filters. Both the circuit functions offer an electronic control of the natural frequency through adjusting the bias currents of OTAs. The filters are absent from active and passive component-matching condition and invertingtype input signal requirements for realizing all filtering responses. The passive and active sensitivities are low. The performances of the proposed filter can be confirmed by PSPICE simulation results.
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OTA-Based current square-rooting circuit
(2017-02-01)
Kumngern, Montree
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Torteanchai, Usa
This paper presents a new simple current-mode square-rooting circuit based on CMOS technology. The proposed circuit consists of only one CMOS operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) with source degeneration and one MOS transistor. The input signal of the circuit is a current and the output is a current proportional to the square root of the input current with high-output impedance level. OTA with source degeneration is used to provide wide input dynamic range. The circuit also exhibits wide bandwidth and good temperature stability. PSPICE simulation results are used to demonstrate the performance of the proposed square-rooting circuit.

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