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Upcycling waste mycelium into chitosan-based biodegradable triboelectric nanogenerators with enhanced energy output
(2026-12-01)
Panpho, Phakakorn
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Bongkarn, Theerachai
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Vitayakorn, Narathip
Sustainable nanogenerators require bio-based active layers that combine interfacial polarization, mechanical deformability, and stable charge generation. Herein, waste mushroom mycelium (WMM) was upcycled as a multifunctional biofiller in chitosan (CTS)-based films for piezoelectric/triboelectric energy-harvesting devices. By controlling WMM loading and glycerol plasticization, this study reveals a morphology–dielectric–compliance coupling mechanism governing device performance. FTIR, XRD, SEM, and X-ray tomographic analyses show that WMM modifies hydrogen bonding, chain packing, surface texture, and internal filler connectivity, while excessive loading causes aggregation and structural non-uniformity. The optimized 7 wt% WMM/CTS film produced a PENG-mode output of 1.87 V and 1.72 μA and a TENG output of 15.39 V and 2.54 μA. The output of the TENG was further improved to 20.35 V and 2.80 μA at a maximum power of about 44 μW with glycerol plasticization. Capacitor charging, cyclic operation, LED array illumination and seven-segment display were also shown with the optimized device. Notably, the highest low-frequency apparent permittivity was observed at 11 wt% WMM/CTS, but its output decreased because of aggregation, dielectric loss, and mechanical non-uniformity. These results demonstrate that optimum energy harvesting is governed not by dielectric permittivity alone but by balanced polar interfaces, surface asperity, moderate dielectric loss, and contact compliance. This work establishes waste mycelium as a functional biofiller for sustainable biopolymer active layers in low-power self-powered systems.
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Integration of CCTAO/PDMS composite films into proximity capacitive sensor devices
(2026-12-01)
Bongkarn, Theerachai
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Panpho, Phakakorn
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
Flexible capacitive proximity sensors are promising for contactless sensing applications, but their performance is strongly influenced by the dielectric properties and microstructure of the sensing layer. In this work, CaCu<inf>3</inf>Ti<inf>4-x</inf>A<inf>x</inf>O<inf>12</inf>/polydimethylsiloxane (CCTAO/PDMS, A = Nd3+ or Gd3+) composite films were developed as flexible dielectric layers for interdigitated capacitive proximity sensors. Nd- and Gd-doped CCTO ceramics were synthesized by a solid-state reaction method and incorporated into a PDMS matrix at different filler loadings. Structural analysis confirmed that the CCTAO ceramics retained the cubic CCTO phase after rare-earth substitution, while the composite films preserved the characteristic amorphous structure of PDMS with embedded ceramic fillers. The FESEM, EDS mapping and X-ray tomographic microscopy analyses showed that the CCTNdO/PDMS composite had a more uniform distribution of ceramic particles than the CCTO/PDMS system. The dielectric measurements demonstrated the improvement in the dielectric constant of the PDMS-based composites upon CCTNdO incorporation and also indicated that the composites did not exhibit any significant changes in their dielectric properties across the range of frequencies examined. The CCTNdO/PDMS films were found to show the negative capacitance response as a function of distance due to the electric-field shunting mechanism when used in an interdigitated capacitor sensor. The sensor with composition 10 wt% CCTNdO/PDMS had excellent performance with a maximum normalized capacitance change equal to −8.70%, which corresponds to a proximity sensitivity of around 0.42%/mm and an effective sensing range of around 20 mm. It is concluded that the optimization of the loading of the rare-earth material in a flexible PDMS matrix is an effective approach to achieve a compromise between the dielectric enhancement of the sensor and the dispersion of the filler and fringing-field interaction in the contactless capacitive proximity sensor.
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Interfacial field-driven self-poling in a lead-free P(VDF–TrFE)/BCZT nanogenerator: achieving high-performance energy harvesting via percolation-optimized dielectric coupling
(2026-07-23)
Ukasi, Sirinya
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Triputtikun, Jakkrit
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Sae-tang, Chanachot
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Sumang, Rattiphorn
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Panpho, Phakakorn
Achieving spontaneous dipole alignment without external poling remains a grand challenge in developing high-performance ferroelectric nanogenerators. This work reports a self-poling mechanism driven by engineered interfacial fields at the polymer–ceramic junction. By embedding lead-free Ba<inf>0.85</inf>Ca<inf>0.15</inf>Zr<inf>0.1</inf>Ti<inf>0.9</inf>O<inf>3</inf> (BCZT) crystals into a P(VDF–TrFE) matrix, we create strong localized electric fields that promote unidirectional dipole orientation, thereby eliminating the need for conventional electrical poling procedures. The resulting hybrid piezo-triboelectric nanogenerator (H-PTENG), optimized at a 1 wt% BCZT loading, exhibits remarkable energy-harvesting performance with a high open-circuit voltage (∼173.4 V), short-circuit current (∼5.23 µA), and power density (∼182 µW cm−2), outperforming most lead-free counterparts. This dielectric percolation-like optimum maximizes the dielectric–ferroelectric coupling mediated by Maxwell–Wagner–Sillars interfacial polarization, simultaneously enhancing piezoelectric and triboelectric outputs while preserving low dielectric loss. The device also demonstrates robust mechanical durability (>10 000 bending cycles) and retains usable output under varying humidity and temperature conditions, although its performance is reduced at ultra-high relative humidity due to water-induced charge dissipation. Its real-world applicability is confirmed by directly powering commercial electronics, including 82 LEDs, a digital wristwatch, an electronic scoreboard, and a Bluetooth-enabled humidity–temperature sensor. Collectively, this work establishes a scalable, lead-free, and poling-free design paradigm based on interfacial field engineering for next-generation flexible, self-powered electronic systems.
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Piezoelectric composite films for real-time foot strike detection and energy generation
(2025-12-16)
Panpho, Phakakorn
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
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Charoenthai, Nipaphat
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Bongkarn, Theerachai
Energy harvesting technology integrated into running shoes enables the conversion of mechanical energy from foot strikes into electrical signals for real-time monitoring. This approach enhances running efficiency, reduces injury risk, and eliminates the need for external power sources. In this study, composite films combining lead-free piezoelectric ceramics (KNNS-BNZ-xBF) with PDMS were developed for efficient energy harvesting and accurate detection of foot-strike patterns. XRD analysis revealed a broad R–O–T phase coexistence zone (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.006) and a transition to an R–T phase boundary for x > 0.006, with reduced grain size as xBF increased. The sample with xBF = 0.006 mol.% showed optimal electrical properties and was selected for composite film fabrication. Electrical output increased with ceramic loading, reaching maximum open-circuit voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) and short-circuit current (I<inf>SC</inf>) at 18 wt% KBB due to enhanced piezoelectric response and uniform particle dispersion. The films, mounted on running shoe soles, successfully detected different foot-strike patterns (heel strike, midfoot, and forefoot). This system demonstrates strong potential for wearable sensors in athletic monitoring and injury prevention.
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High-performance triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerator enabled by BF-BT-NZN multifunctional ceramic filler
(2025-10-01)
Sumang, Rattiphorn
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Jantaratana, Pongsakorn
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
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Bongkarn, Theerachai
The development of efficient and flexible energy-harvesting materials is essential for advancing self-powered electronic devices. In this study, we report the fabrication of flexible composite films by incorporating (1-x)(0.75BiFeO<inf>3</inf>-0.25BaTiO<inf>3</inf>)-xNd(Zn<inf>0.67</inf>Nb<inf>0.33</inf>)O<inf>3</inf>,abbreviated as (BF-BT-NZN), ceramic powder into a PDMS matrix, with filler contents ranging from 5 to 25 wt%. The optimized 10 wt% composite film demonstrated a maximum output voltage of 112.24 V and a current of 5.69 µA approximately 11 and 18 times higher than pure PDMS, respectively. Following a poling treatment, the output further increased to 149.54 V and 10.71 µA. The film exhibited excellent flexibility and durability, enabling practical applications such as powering LEDs, a digital watch, and charging capacitors. These results highlight the potential of BF-BT-NZN/PDMS composites as high-performance materials for wearable energy-harvesting applications.
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Next-generation hybrid nanogenerators using giant piezoelectric lead-free KNNS composites for sustainable self-powered electronics
(2025-01-05)
Sumang, Rattiphorn
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Bongkarn, Theerachai
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Chiu, Te Wei
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
This study presents a flexible hybrid nanogenerator that utilizes lead-free KNNS-BF-xBNZ materials integrated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) to enhance energy harvesting performance. The findings demonstrate that by combining piezoelectric and triboelectric effects, the energy conversion efficiency of the nanogenerator is significantly improved, resulting in high output voltage and current, suitable for real-world applications. Specifically, the optimal composition of KNNS-BF-xBNZ ceramics, with x = 0.03 mol.%, yields superior piezoelectric, ferroelectric, and dielectric properties, with remnant polarization (P<inf>r</inf>), spontaneous polarization (P<inf>s</inf>), and piezoelectric coefficient (d<inf>33</inf>) values reaching 18.8 μmC/cm², 30.3 μmC/cm², and 358 pC/N, respectively. In the hybrid device, incorporating 15 wt% of KNNS-BF-3BNZ into PDMS resulted in the highest open-circuit voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) of 107 V and short-circuit current (I<inf>SC</inf>) of 4.68 μA. The developed hybrid nanogenerator effectively charges capacitors for energy storage, powers LEDs, and drives small electronic devices, such as watches, showcasing its potential for practical energy harvesting applications. The findings suggest that the integration of KNNS-BF-3BNZ with PDMS provides an efficient and scalable pathway for fabricating high-performance nanogenerators, paving the way for advancements in self-powered devices and sustainable energy solutions.
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High-performance flexible lead-free piezo-antiferroelectric based on NaNbO3/PDMS composites for energy harvesting application
(2024-12-01)
Sumang, Rattiphorn
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
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Panpho, Phakakorn
To bring the rapidly advancing technology of energy harvesters into commercial use, further development is required for devices that can enhance output performance, flexibility, ease of fabrication, and low cost. A hybrid concept is a promising method. It combines between the piezoelectric nanogenerator (PENG) and the triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) to provide a high-performance nanogenerator. This study introduced a high-performance hybrid PENG and TENG device that operates using a NN-BNT/PDMS composite film. The NN-BNT/PDMS composite based nanogenerators were fabricated with varying NN-BNT content. Then, dielectric test and electrical properties were investigated. Adding NN-BNT into the PDMS composite film resulted in a higher dielectric constant compared to pure PDMS, leading to increase of electrical output. Under the optimal condition of a 3 wt%. NN-BNT composite based hybrid nanogenerator, the electrical output was significantly enhanced, reaching 40 V, 0.95 μA/cm2, and 200 μW/cm2 compared to pure PDMS. This nanogenerator further used to the charging of a capacitor to a voltage of around 1 V within 5 s and also powered multiple LEDs. The successful development of this highly efficient NN-BNT/PDMS composite film-based hybrid concept sheds light on energy harvesting devices.
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Flexible hybrid piezo/triboelectric energy harvester based on a lead-free BNT-BT-KNN ceramic-polymer composite film
(2024-12-01)
Panpho, Phakakorn
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
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Bongkarn, Theerachai
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Sumang, Rattiphorn
Environment-friendly piezoelectric micro/nanogenerators have attracted tremendous attention due to the increasing demand for portable self-power devices. Here, the [(0.94−x)Bi<inf>0.5</inf>Na<inf>0.5</inf>TiO<inf>3</inf>–0.06BaTiO<inf>3</inf>–xK<inf>0.5</inf>Na<inf>0.5</inf>NbO<inf>3</inf>; BNT-BT-xKNN] lead-free ceramic, at x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10 mol%, was prepared via the solid-state method. The doping concentration x = 0.02 mol% shows the highest dielectric properties and the lowest dielectric loss. The active layer of the hybrid device is made by mixing BNT-BT-2KNN into the PDMS to form a series of polymer-ceramic composite films ranging from 7 to 19 wt% of BNT-BT-2KNN. The electrical response of the composite film is systematically studied with the addition of different weight percentages of the particles to the PDMS matrix. It was found that incorporating BNT-BT-2KNN at 11 wt% into the PDMS matrix exhibited the optimum harvesting performance, resulting in an output voltage and current density of about 30 V and 0.28 μA/cm2, respectively. The hybridized PENG and TENG devices could operate in a long-term cyclic mode, charge the capacitor for energy storage, and also light up LEDs. This research proposed a simple device fabrication and provided a guideline for the development of high-performance microgenerators, which is crucial for device development and practical use in the future.
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Enhanced performance of hybrid piezo/triboelectric using BaTiO3/polymer composite film modified with rGO
(2024-01-01)
Panpho, Phakakorn
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Phetphong, Pornphiphat
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Vittayakorn, Narathip
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Sriwong, Chaval
Hybrid piezo/triboelectric technology is an emerging energy source that can continuously power small electronic devices by harvesting ambient mechanical energy and converting it into electricity. In this work, a high-performance hybrid piezo/triboelectric device was presented. The composite film was synthesized that co-doped BaTiO<inf>3</inf> powders (BT) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) embedded within a host material made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). The hybrid device is made by mixing BT powders into the PDMS to form a series of composite films, ranging from 10% to 45% by wt.%. Additionally, 1–5 wt.% of rGO was loaded into fabricates 40BT/PDMS. The results show that the addition of rGO can improve the uniform dispersion of BT powder in the PDMS matrix. The 4 wt.% of rGO for 40BT/PDMS exhibited the optimal energy harvesting performance among all compositions, achieving notable output voltage and current. This work demonstrates a facile, low-cost approach for obtaining high-performance hybrid piezo/triboelectric by utilizing a composite film BaTiO<inf>3</inf> and polymer (PDMS) modified with rGO.
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UTILIZING BANANA PEEL WASTE EXTRACT FOR GREEN SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND THEIR ANTIBACTERIAL APPLICATION
(2024-01-01)
Sumang, Rattiphorn
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Jarernsuk, Suppanit
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Chutima, Ruangwut
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Vitayakorn, Narathip
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Panpho, Phakakorn
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were successfully produced through a green synthesis method involving the utilization of waste banana peel waste (BPW) extract. BPW has attracted considerable attention for its attributes as a straightforward, environmentally friendly, and non-toxic material. To facilitate this process, BPW powder was created by boiling, blending, and air-drying, serving as both a reducing and capping agent. The biosynthesized AgNPs underwent characterization via UV-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Field Emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). Furthermore, antibacterial activity tests were conducted on cotton fabrics to optimize the process and assess its effectiveness. The results revealed a distinct absorption peak at 420 nm corresponding to AgNPs, a finding corroborated by FE-SEM and energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS). The application of AgNPs from BPW on fabrics exhibited outstanding antibacterial activity by inhibiting the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. Overall, the present findings support the use of BPW extraction as a cost-effective, environmentally friendly, and efficient approach for the green synthesis of AgNPs with promising antibacterial properties on fabrics.

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