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Immobilized microalgae-driven triboelectric nanogenerators for sustainable bioelectricity production
(2026-12-01)
Kaja, Kushal Ruthvik
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Janpum, Chalampol
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Komkhum, Tanakit
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Hajra, Sugato
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Vivekananthan, Venkateswaran
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) are emerging as promising solutions for decentralised energy generation due to the growing need for sustainable power sources. These devices convert wasted mechanical energy into electricity under ambient conditions, offering advantages such as eco-friendly operation, material versatility, and effective energy scavenging. Despite these benefits, their relatively low electrical output compared to conventional sources like batteries and fuel cells remains a limitation. Microalgae have attracted attention for their ability to produce bioelectricity through photosynthesis and respiration while simultaneously capturing carbon dioxide. Immobilising microalgal cells on conductive substrates improves electron transfer and metabolic activity. In this context, living Chlorella vulgaris TISTR 8580 with varied cell densities was immobilised on aluminium electrodes and incorporated into a TENG platform to explore energy harvesting from solid-solid and solid-liquid interactions. The highest output of 110 V and 330 nA was generated, confirming the microalgae as a promising tribolayer and extending the conventional triboelectric series. However, sustaining cell viability over extended periods remains a challenge, highlighting the need for optimised light and nutrient conditions in future developments.
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Harvesting energy from friction: the revolutionary decade of triboelectric nanogenerators
(2026-04-01)
Khanapurarm, Uday Kumar
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Rani, Gokana Mohana
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Panda, Swati
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Mistewicz, Krystian
Triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) have rapidly developed into a transformative energy harvesting technology, enabling self-powered, sustainable electronic systems. This review offers the first comprehensive, multidisciplinary perspective that connects the physics of triboelectric charge transfer with material innovation, device engineering, and real-world applications. We systematically categorize and measure the triboelectric series across a wide range of materials, including polymers, 2D materials, MOFs, perovskites, cellulose, and biodegradable frameworks, using experimentally validated methods. In addition to traditional approaches, this work highlights emerging strategies such as machine learning-guided material discovery, 3D printing, and advanced structural engineering to improve charge retention, durability, and power output. Unlike existing reviews, it uniquely combines theory and application insights, presents diverse uses from biomedical sensing and environmental monitoring to underwater communication and mechanoluminescence, and outlines a forward-looking plan for sustainable energy harvesting. This comprehensive synthesis serves as an essential resource for researchers and technologists designing next-generation TENGs and multifunctional self-powered devices.
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Piezoelectric composite films for real-time foot strike detection and energy generation
(2025-12-16)
Panpho, Phakakorn
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
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Charoenthai, Nipaphat
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Bongkarn, Theerachai
Energy harvesting technology integrated into running shoes enables the conversion of mechanical energy from foot strikes into electrical signals for real-time monitoring. This approach enhances running efficiency, reduces injury risk, and eliminates the need for external power sources. In this study, composite films combining lead-free piezoelectric ceramics (KNNS-BNZ-xBF) with PDMS were developed for efficient energy harvesting and accurate detection of foot-strike patterns. XRD analysis revealed a broad R–O–T phase coexistence zone (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.006) and a transition to an R–T phase boundary for x > 0.006, with reduced grain size as xBF increased. The sample with xBF = 0.006 mol.% showed optimal electrical properties and was selected for composite film fabrication. Electrical output increased with ceramic loading, reaching maximum open-circuit voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) and short-circuit current (I<inf>SC</inf>) at 18 wt% KBB due to enhanced piezoelectric response and uniform particle dispersion. The films, mounted on running shoe soles, successfully detected different foot-strike patterns (heel strike, midfoot, and forefoot). This system demonstrates strong potential for wearable sensors in athletic monitoring and injury prevention.
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High-performance triboelectric and piezoelectric nanogenerator enabled by BF-BT-NZN multifunctional ceramic filler
(2025-10-01)
Sumang, Rattiphorn
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Jantaratana, Pongsakorn
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
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Bongkarn, Theerachai
The development of efficient and flexible energy-harvesting materials is essential for advancing self-powered electronic devices. In this study, we report the fabrication of flexible composite films by incorporating (1-x)(0.75BiFeO<inf>3</inf>-0.25BaTiO<inf>3</inf>)-xNd(Zn<inf>0.67</inf>Nb<inf>0.33</inf>)O<inf>3</inf>,abbreviated as (BF-BT-NZN), ceramic powder into a PDMS matrix, with filler contents ranging from 5 to 25 wt%. The optimized 10 wt% composite film demonstrated a maximum output voltage of 112.24 V and a current of 5.69 µA approximately 11 and 18 times higher than pure PDMS, respectively. Following a poling treatment, the output further increased to 149.54 V and 10.71 µA. The film exhibited excellent flexibility and durability, enabling practical applications such as powering LEDs, a digital watch, and charging capacitors. These results highlight the potential of BF-BT-NZN/PDMS composites as high-performance materials for wearable energy-harvesting applications.
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Flexible hybrid piezo/triboelectric energy harvester based on a lead-free BNT-BT-KNN ceramic-polymer composite film
(2024-12-01)
Panpho, Phakakorn
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
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Bongkarn, Theerachai
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Sumang, Rattiphorn
Environment-friendly piezoelectric micro/nanogenerators have attracted tremendous attention due to the increasing demand for portable self-power devices. Here, the [(0.94−x)Bi<inf>0.5</inf>Na<inf>0.5</inf>TiO<inf>3</inf>–0.06BaTiO<inf>3</inf>–xK<inf>0.5</inf>Na<inf>0.5</inf>NbO<inf>3</inf>; BNT-BT-xKNN] lead-free ceramic, at x = 0, 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08 and 0.10 mol%, was prepared via the solid-state method. The doping concentration x = 0.02 mol% shows the highest dielectric properties and the lowest dielectric loss. The active layer of the hybrid device is made by mixing BNT-BT-2KNN into the PDMS to form a series of polymer-ceramic composite films ranging from 7 to 19 wt% of BNT-BT-2KNN. The electrical response of the composite film is systematically studied with the addition of different weight percentages of the particles to the PDMS matrix. It was found that incorporating BNT-BT-2KNN at 11 wt% into the PDMS matrix exhibited the optimum harvesting performance, resulting in an output voltage and current density of about 30 V and 0.28 μA/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. The hybridized PENG and TENG devices could operate in a long-term cyclic mode, charge the capacitor for energy storage, and also light up LEDs. This research proposed a simple device fabrication and provided a guideline for the development of high-performance microgenerators, which is crucial for device development and practical use in the future.
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Low-cost fabrication of the highly efficient triboelectric nanogenerator by designing a 3D multi-layer origami structure combined with self-charged pumping module
(2021-12-01)
Pongampai, Satana
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Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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Vittayakorn, Naratip
The explosive development of triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) performance, with a simple structure and low cost, has become an excellent candidate for a primary self-powered source of portable modern-electronic devices. There are several approaches to booting TENG performance. However, some of them still encounter major challenges when fabricating a lightweight, flexible and scalable design. Herein, three main strategies; 1) structural design with 3D multi-layer Origami structure, 2) physical surface roughness modification, and 3) connection of a self-charge pumping module (SCPM) were selected and considered in terms of cheapness, light weight and scalability, with a simple manufacturing process. By optimizing these three strategies, the 3D multi-layer Origami TENG (O-TENG) can achieve an output performance of V<inf>OC</inf> ~110 V and I<inf>SC</inf> ~26 μA, which is 18 and 52 times higher than that for the non-optimized polyimide (PI) TENG, respectively. The output voltage demonstrates consistency and fast chargeability of ∼38 V saturation voltage within ∼8 s for a 0.22μF capacitor. The maximum of ~697 μW output power (P) could be provided at 10 MΩ. The number of origami layers (n) plays an important role in output performance, while integrating an SCPM module that accelerates chargeability of the device. Moreover, the cylindrical pocket energy harvesting device was designed to harvest biomechanical energy in daily life. One hundred and seventy light emitting diodes (LEDs) can be lit and the electric calculator driven easily. The proposed strategies have the potential for high-throughput fabrication of the low-cost TENG, and can be used simply as an alternative self-powered source for portable/wearable modern electronic devices.

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