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    Item type:Publication,
    Tracing the evolution and economic potential of konjac glucomannan in Amorphophallus species (Araceae) using molecular phylogeny and RAPD markers
    (2016-10-27) ;
    Borompichaichartkul, Chaleeda
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    Perrigo, Allison L.
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    Srzednicki, George
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    Prakitchaiwattana, Cheunjit
    The genus Amorphophallus is an economically important taxon that is abundant in Old World tropical forests (Asia, Oceania and Africa). It includes many species that are used with increasing frequency as a source of food and pharmaceutical products worldwide. Amorphophallus konjac is an important economic crop and has been used widely in China and Japan for commercial konjac glucomannan (KGM) production. However, the species’ range does not extend to Thailand, where other closely related species may be more suitable for commercial KGM production. Present understanding of genetic relaionships among Thai Amorphophallus species is still limited, and the connection between evolutionary history and KGM content is unknown. Here, the genetic relationships among various accessions of Amorphophallus spp. collected in Thailand are investigated using the chloroplast trnL-trnF spacer, nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region and the second intron of LEAFY (FLint2) together with genome-wide DNA variation analysis, Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique. RAPD primers are also developed to quickly and efficiently identify species producing high levels of KGM. This study finds that two monophyletic clades include high KGM content species. RAPD analyses indicate that primer AC-10 generates specific bands identifying species belonging only to the high and medium KGM content clades. These primers can be used as a screening tool for economical species, aiming at improving the industrial production of KGM in Thailand and the world.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Germinated Brown Rice Preparation for Value Added Material for Healthy Brewed Vinegar
    (2022-01-01) ;
    Krusong, Warawut
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    Surayot, Utoomporn
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    Soaking grains in water during the preparation of germinated brown rice (GBR) can result in the multiplication of bacterial contaminants. To address this problem, a system was designed to automatically change the soaking water every 6 h. A significant reduction of the contaminants was observed. GBR was saccharified by mold bran Amylomyces rouxii. The 5 day saccharified GBR that contained the highest α-amylase and glucoamylase activities was further used for alcohol fermentation by yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Then, acetic acid was produced by Acetobacter aceti through a semi-continuous process. In the evaluation of the nutritional quality during processing, significant increments in the levels of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), antioxidant activities (DPPH), and total phenolic contents were found during soaking, but these levels progressively decreased in wine and were lowest in vinegar. Moreover, the soaking period from 36 h to 48 h had no significant effect on these substances. GC-MS analysis indicated that four important volatile organic compounds in the produced wine and vinegar were reported for their antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, no change in GABA was found in the vinegar over 6 months of storage. Thus, using this method could successfully produce brewed vinegar with health benefits from GBR.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Production of konjac glucomannan antimicrobial film for extending shelf life of fresh-cut vegetables
    (2017-03-01)
    Saeheng, Panya
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    Eamsakulrat, Panuwat
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    Borompichaichartkul, Chaleeda
    The aim of this research was to produce konjac glucomannan (KGM) antimicrobial film with added sweet basil oil (SB) (Ocimum basilicum) as an antimicrobial agent for inhibiting coliform bacteria which is the type most often found in fresh-cut vegetables. The concentrations of SB oil in the emulsion that inhibited the most antimicrobial growth were 4% and 6% (v/v). Film-forming conditions were evaluated by varying the volume of KGM solution per area (0.325, 0.455 and 0.585 mLcm<sup>−2</sup>) and the concentration of SB oil (4% and 6%). After mixing the film emulsions, the emulsions were dried on a tray dryer at 50 °C for 10 h. After drying, the results showed that KGM film made at 0.325 mLcm<sup>−2</sup> with SB oil at 4% resulted in the smoothest surface. When the film was tested against Escherichia coli, KGM at 0.325 mLcm<sup>−2</sup> with 4% SB oil and at 455 mLcm<sup>−2</sup> with 6% SB oil produced the greatest inhibition. Film with SB oil at 4% was used to study film properties. Physical properties of the film such as tensile strength (68.08 MPa) and % elongation (33.56%) as well as water vapor transmission rate (4.44 × 10<sup>−3</sup> gcm<sup>−2</sup>h<sup>−1</sup>) were determined. The KGM/SB film did not show an antimicrobial effect on packages of fresh-cut baby cos lettuce or spring onion under the experimental conditions. Further work will be carried out to study more closely the controlled release properties of KGM/SB film to enhance its antimicrobial effects. These improvements could help to develop a more successful application for its use as a natural biopreservative in minimally-processed products like fresh-cut vegetables.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Impact of temperature on gluconic acid production during acetification by Acetobacter aceti
    (2023-06-01) ;
    Krusong, Warawut
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    ;
    Suwapanich, Rachit
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    The current approach to gluconic acid production is acetification at 30°C, a temperature that can be difficult to maintain in tropical countries. This study investigated the production of gluconic acid during acetification by Acetobacter aceti WK at high temperatures. An acid-tolerant and thermotolerant species, A. aceti WK, was used for acetification at three different temperatures, namely, 30°C (normal temperature), 37°C, and 40°C (high temperature). Acetification was performed in a 100 L bioreactor with 0.15% CaCl<inf>2</inf> for protection of the cells against high temperatures. The production of the organic acids, that is, acetic acid, gluconic acid, 2-keto gluconic acid, glucuronic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, lactic acid, and formic acid, was analyzed. Under acetification in the target total concentration of 80 g/L, the highest acetic acid content (39.3 g/L) was obtained at 37°C with an acetification rate of 0.3013 g/L/h, while the acetic acid content and acetification rate achieved at 30°C were 31 g/L and 0.3089 g/L/h, respectively. Additionally, gluconic acid presented at the highest concentration of 2.17 g/L. The rate of production of gluconic acid was 0.0169 g/L/h at 37°C. This acetification process at 37°C will be valuable as an alternative source for gluconic acid production for commercial applications.
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    Item type:Publication,
    A soft computing tool for species classification and prediction of glucomannan content in Amorphophallus genus
    (2017-12-01)
    Banerjee, Anupam
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    Das, Priti
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    Borompichaichartkul, Chaleeda
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    Basu, Subhadip
    The proposed work aims at designing a classification system for automatic identification of A. muelleri species, grown as a potential cash crop in many Asian countries, from the DNA fingerprints of Amorphophallus genus. Four sets of 48 DNA fingerprints belonging to 37 species of the Amorphophallus genus, developed with the help of four different primers are considered for the experiment, with an objective to identify only the fingerprints of the species of interest. A second experimental setup deals with the automatic classification of species containing high amounts of glucomannan from the same set of DNA fingerprints of the Amorphophallus genus. For each set of 48 DNA fingerprints generated with a specific primer, the DNA fingerprints are preprocessed to extract a 42 dimensional feature vector which is used to generate a k-Nearest Neighbor based classifier based on the Leave One Out Cross Validation protocol. Final classification based on outputs from individual classifiers constructed with respect to the four different primers is performed according to a n-star consensus strategy. The n-star consensus predicts species A. muelleri with cent per cent accuracy while it predicts species containing glucomannan with a more modest accuracy of 81.25%.
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    Probiotic encapsulation by spray drying using konjac glucomannan hydrolysate as wall material and its application in ice cream
    (2018-01-01)
    Yanprapasiri, K.
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    Lohsrithong, C.
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    Setthachaimongkol, S.
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    Borompichaichartkul, C.
    This research aims to study encapsulation efficiency of cell probiotics by using Konjac glucomannan hydrolysate (KGMH) under spray drying. KGMH was prepared from Konjac glucomannan solution (KGMS) at different concentrations. Lactobacillus casei was used in this study as it is commonly used in food industry and resistance to heat. The effect of wall material (HGMH) concentration on encapsulation efficiency of the cell probiotic was evaluated. Probiotics culture was prepared by inoculating in sterile MRS broth and incubated at 37°C for 48 hours, the cells were harvested in the early stationary phase. Konjac glucomannan solution was hydrolysed by mannanase at 40°C for 4 hours. Then, probiotic solution (10 log CFU/ml) was mixed with KGMH at concentration of 15%, 20% and 25% (w/w). Spray drying condition was kept at constant inlet air temperature of 170°C, outlet air temperature of 85°C and feed flow rate of 10 mL min-l. Encapsulated probiotic with KGMH at concentration of 25% (w/w) exhibited the highest encapsulation efficiency (95.4 %), water activity of 0.198 and moisture content of 4.38 % (w.b.). For application in ice cream, microcapsules of probiotic encapsulated with KGMH at concentration of 25% with and without 10% (w/w) trehalose were then mixed into milk ice cream separately. The ice cream was stored at -18°C for one month. The survival rate of microencapsulated probiotic cells and free cells probiotics in the ice cream were measured. It was found that microcapsule of KGMH at concentration of 25% (w/w) with 10% (w/w) trehalose gave higher survival rate of probiotics cell (> 90%) in ice cream under freezing temperature than KGMH at concentration of 25% (w/w) and free cell probiotics during storage, respectively.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Healthy dried baby corn silk vinegar production and determination of its main organic volatiles containing antimicrobial activity
    (2020-01-01)
    Krusong, Warawut
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    Suwapanich, Rachit
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    ;
    Dried baby corn silks (DBCS) are an underutilized by-product and a good source of active compounds. Analysis of DBCS showed 5.15 ± 0.21 mg GAE mL<sup>−1</sup> total phenolic compounds, 4.24 ± 0.08 mg GAE mL<sup>−1</sup> total flavonoid compounds and an antioxidant activity of 45.98 ± 7.89% inhibition for free radical scavenging DPPH, 91.33 ± 0.33% inhibition for ABTS and 44.17 ± 0.53% chelating effect for FIC. In the acetification process, 15 g L<sup>−1</sup> (w/v) DBCS was suitable for wine making resulting in 94 ± 1 g L<sup>−1</sup> alcohol. Subsequently, acetic acid (62 ± 1 to 75 ± 1 g L<sup>−1</sup>) was produced during 9 cycles of semi-continuous processing. The remaining active compounds, in both wine and vinegar, were also determined and a significant reduction (p ≤ 0.5) of total phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity from DBSC was observed, which were higher in vinegar than in wine. Among volatile organic compounds found using GC-MS, only five of the main compounds, which had antimicrobial properties, were found in both wine and vinegar. They were acetic acid, ethyl ester; 1-butanol, 3-methyl-, acetone; 1-butanol, 3-methyl-; hexanoic acid and octanoic acid. Results indicated that DBCS contained compounds that were beneficial to health and therefore could be a functional food and provide additional beneficial applications as an antimicrobial agent.
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    Effects of freeze-drying and vacuum-drying on the quality, total phenolic contents,and antioxidant activities of bee honey in northern Thailand
    (2024-01-01)
    Jiamjariyatam, Rossaporn
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    Phucharoenrak, Pakkapong
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    Zheng, Lu
    Weaimed to evaluate the effect of freeze-drying and vacuum-drying on moisture, water activities (aw), total soluble solid (TSS), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), diastase activity, total phenolic content(TPCs), and antioxidant activities(ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, ORAC)of longan (Dimocarpus longanLour.) blossomhoneyand Siam weed (Chromolaena odorataLour.) honey. The fresh longanblossomhoneyand Siam weed honeywere collected from a local apiarist in Northern Thailand. Freeze-dryingat 0.013 kPa, −54°C for 72 h or vacuum-dryingat 2.5 kPa at 60°C for 12 h was applied to dehydrate fresh honey. The moisture of freeze-driedsamples was 10.10% for longan blossomhoneyand 11.50% for Siam weed honey, and the awof both freeze-driedhoneyswas 0.43. Freeze-andvacuum-driedproduced more TSS than fresh honeydid(p≤0.05).However, the amounts of TSS derived freeze-dryand vacuum-drywere not significantly different. Freeze-driedhoney contained the highest HMF and the lowest diastase activity regardless of honey origins (p≤ 0.05).Drying processes significantly increased the TPCs levels of honey (approximately 2 folds by freeze-drying method). The antioxidant activity of dried honey was significantly higher than that of fresh honey. It was observed that the freeze-dryingmethod tended to better preserve the antioxidant activity of honey compared to vacuum-drying methods in both typesof honey.The results indicated that drying processes significantly affect the quality of dried honey, including TSS, HMF, diastase activity, TPCs, and antioxidant activity. In this study, freeze-drying emerged as the relatively low temperature drying method that canpreserve the quality of honey, especially in termsof TPCsandantioxidant activity.