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    Phase noise phenomenon explanation based multi-time variables differential equation technique
    (2016-09-06)
    Kittipute, Kunanon
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    In this article, the mathematical analysis is proposed to describe phase noise phenomenon. The principle of this proposed scheme is based on the multi-time variables differential equation technique. The analytic result clearly shows that noise is composed of multiplicative noise that spread around an oscillated frequency and additive noise acts as a noise floor of a system. To verify the proposed analysis, the computer simulation results are given which demonstrate that the obtained results agree well with the theoretical counterpart.
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    A novel versatile modulator circuit
    In this paper, a novel versatile modulator that can function either as delta modulator, sigma-delta modulator, amplitude modulator and frequency modulator is proposed. The principle of the proposed scheme is based on schmitt-trigger circuit and composed of a few components: three OTAs, one capacitor and two resistors. The advantage of this circuit is that the clock (carrier) signal employed for modulation is inherent in the circuit. The modulating signal is therefore an external input requirement. Based on the compactness of the circuit, it is suitable for IC realization. The computer simulation demonstrates the results which agree well with the theoretical analysis. © 2005 IEEE.
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    A simple circuit for sigma-delta /delta modulation
    (2005-12-01) ;
    Maneechukate, Thongchai
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    Koseeyapom, Jeerasuda
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    This article represents a simple circuit which can function either as sigma-delta or delta modulation. The circuit is composed of three OTAs, a capacitor and two resistors which basically form Schmitt-trigger circuit. When input signal is present and fed to the inverting input node of OTA1, the circuit acts as a sigma-delta modulation. Contrarily, without adding any component, the same circuit functions as delta modulation when input signal is instead fed to a resister R<inf>1</inf> node, hi addition, frequency and amplitude of the modulated signal not only are independently adjusted but also these characteristics are electrical tuned. Based on the compactness of the proposed circuit, it is therefore suitable for IC realization. The computer simulation results are illustrated to confirm with the given circuit analysis. © 2005 IEEE.
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    A survey on internet of things architecture, protocols, possible applications, security, privacy, real-world implementation and future trends
    (2016-02-04)
    Kraijak, Surapon
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    The Internet is dramatically evolving and creating various connectivity methodologies. The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of those methodologies which transforms current Internet communication to Machine-to-Machine (M2M) basis. Hence, IoT can seamlessly connect the real world and cyberspace via physical objects that embed with various types of intelligent sensors. A large number of Internet-connected machines will generate and exchange an enormous amount of data that make daily life more convenient, help making a tough decision and provide beneficial services. This paper not only describes about the evolution and how important of IoT in daily life, the generic architecture, its most widely used protocols, numerous possible applications but also concern over security and privacy issues in IoT, real-world implementation of IoT system by using Arduino and its future trends. The IoT probably becomes one of the most popular networking concepts that has the potential to bring out many benefits.
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    EORL: Energy Optimization via Reinforcement Learning in Software-Defined Wireless Sensor Networks
    (2024-01-01)
    Boonlert, Arnut
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    Tanessakulwattana, Sarayoot
    A wireless sensor network is a collection of sensors placed in a particular area to collect and transmit data to the base station or sink. They usually have batteries as the primary power sources. If they work for a long time, their energy will be exhausted. Replacing the battery may not be cost-effective compared to developing an algorithm that optimizes energy efficiency to extend the network lifetime. This work optimizes the energy consumption of wireless sensor networks by adaptively selecting an optimal routing path in a Software-defined Wireless Sensor Networks (SDWSN) environment. A concept of the energy balance among nodes according to the current network status by the SDWSN controller using Reinforcement Learning (RL) is introduced. We propose energy optimization via reinforcement learning (EORL) for SDWSN using a minimum energy reward function and state design that considers energy consumption. The EORL algorithm then identifies the node that requires attention and selects the most energy-efficient path for that node. The performance of the EORL shows that it has a more extended network lifetime compared with other RL solutions.
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    A simple and economic PWM and ΣΔ modulator circuit based on modified source-couple oscillator
    In this article, a simple and economic Pulse Width Modulator (PWM) and Sigma Delta Modulator (ΣΔ) circuit which is based on the modified CMOS source couple voltage-control oscillator is presented. The circuit can work either as PWM or ΣΔ modulator, depending on the condition of the two bias currents which are forced of the source couples. Namely, the circuit is a PWM when these two bias currents are out of phase. Otherwise, it is a ΣΔ modulator when both bias currents are identical. In addition, another feature of the proposed circuit is that the modulated signal can be either in voltage or current format. Moreover, the proposed circuit provides wide range of frequency operation because of few numbers of CMOS in the circuit. Furthermore, the circuit is very suitable for realization in integrated circuits (ICs) form and can be employed for optical communication application. The simulation results of the circuit are demonstrated and agreed well with theoretical anticipation. © 2006 IEEE.
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    A Simplified Analog Implementation of Cyclic Shift Chirp Encoding and Decoding for LoRa Communications
    (2026-06-01)
    Saelim, Nopparut
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    Currently, LoRa wireless communication technology has become widely adopted in IoT systems due to its long-range capability and low power consumption. However, LoRa is a technology developed by Semtech, which does not disclose the details of the Cyclic Shift Chirp encoding process, a core component of LoRa signals. This lack of transparency prevents users from accessing the physical-layer structure of the signal or freely customizing key parameters such as bandwidth and spreading factor. Although such customization can enhance system flexibility, there is currently no officially disclosed method to achieve it. This research proposes a Cyclic Shift Chirp encoder/decoder circuit built from basic analog components, including adders, subtractors, comparators, and ramp generators, based on a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) principle. This approach enables researchers and developers to generate LoRa-like signals independently and customize various parameters without introducing limitations. Moreover, the proposed circuit is simple, low-cost, and easy to understand, making it suitable for advanced research, educational experiments, and the design of communication systems that require high flexibility at the LoRa PHY layer.
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    Implementation of vedic multiplier technique on multicore processor
    (2015-01-26) ;
    Thongbai, Nopphagaw
    This article describes about the mathematic parallel process idea by using Vedic Multiplier techniques. Vedic mathematics is an ancient India that one type of quick trick for calculating that most popular and worldwide acceptation in tutor school. Vedic can apply to use in information technology, science field. They have many researches that used apply Vedic mathematics to accelerate effective of computation. In this paper using Urdhva Tiyakbhyam Sutra and Nikhilam Sutra with both to implement on Multi core processing with MPICH2 (MPI protocol). Urdhva Tiyakbhyam Sutra uses to splitting long digits to sub block for distributing to some other core. Nikhilam Sutra is used for reduce value to improve some of computation effectively.
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    Triangular-to-cosine wave technique based on exponential approximation
    (2001-12-01)
    Viboonsirikul, Piyamon
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    Maneechukate, Thongchai
    A novel approach for triangular-to-cosine wave approximation is presented The cosine wave is generated by the method of squaring the triangular wave and the passing through the exponential amplifier circuits. This approach is based on the Taylor's series for sinusoidal function. The superior point of this method to the existing ones is the simple circuit realization and low distortion cosine wave output Besides that, the proposed circuit can generate the square, triangular wave. The section of square wave and triangular wave generating uses relaxation oscillator with feeding back in current mode that produce the triangular and square wave in the same circuit. Furthermore, the squaring and exponential amplifier circuit can be configured based on another principle such as translinear in current mode which can be developed to suit IC implementation.
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    FM bandwidth scaling by Frequency operation under injection locked phenomena based on multi-time variable analysis
    (2017-05-30)
    Kittipute, Kunanon
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    Karjanasomeranwong, Hatahaichanok
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    This article, the FM bandwidth scaling technique under injection locked and super-harmonic injection locked phenomenon, which explained by forcing oscillation perspective with multi-time variable technique is presented. By forcing FM signal to harmonic oscillator, the FM bandwidth can be scaled. This scaling technique separated in two situations, the first one is an expansion technique under injection locked phenomenon, and the second one is a compression technique under super-harmonic injection locked phenomenon. The modified Colpitts oscillator is taken in examine, and principle verified by experimental result.