Now showing 1 - 10 of 15
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    Adulticidal activities of Cymbopogon citratus (Stapf.) and Eucalyptus globulus (Labill.) essential oils and of their synergistic combinations against Aedes aegypti (L.), Aedes albopictus (Skuse), and Musca domestica (L.)
    (2020-06-01) ;
    Sittichok, Sirawut
    The knockdown and adulticidal activities of individual Cymbopogon citratus and Eucalyptus globulus essential oils (EOs) and their combinations were evaluated against three medical insect pests (Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, and Musca domestica) using a WHO susceptibility test. The knockdown and adulticidal activities against the three medical insect pests of combinations of C. citratus and E. globulus EOs were higher than those of individual EOs alone. Combinations of 7.5% C. citratus + 7.5% E. globulus EOs and 10% C. citratus + 10% E. globulus EOs exhibited the highest efficacy against females of the three species with 100% knockdown and mortality rates at 1 and 24 h after exposure, respectively. Their adulticidal activities were equivalent to that of 10% w/v cypermethrin. In contrast, 70% v/v ethyl alcohol negative control was not effective at all. The combinations of EOs showed a synergistic effect, i.e., their adulticidal activity was improved by 0.2 to 100%, with increased knockdown and mortality rates, compared to individual EOs. The highest synergistic effect on effective knockdown and adulticidal activities against females of the three species was achieved by a combination of 2.5% C. citratus + 2.5% E. globulus EOs, with 36.6 to 100% knockdown rate increase and 33.5 to 98.9% mortality rate increase. This study demonstrates that all tested combinations of C. citratus and E. globulus EOs were effective adulticidal agents against females of Ae. aegypti, Ae. albopictus, and M. domestica and have a high potential for development into a botanical insecticide for controlling populations of Aedes mosquitoes and houseflies.
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    Ovicidal Toxicity and Morphological Changes in Housefly Eggs Induced by the Essential Oils of Star Anise and Lemongrass and Their Main Constituents
    (2024-07-01) ;
    Sittichok, Sirawut
    ;
    Sinthusiri, Jirisuda
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    Moungthipmalai, Tanapoom
    ;
    Puwanard, Cheepchanok
    This study attempted to evaluate the ovicidal activity of single-component formulations and combination formulations of lemongrass and star anise essential oils (EOs) and their main constituents against housefly eggs. The efficacies of the combinations were compared with those of single-component formulations and α-cypermethrin. Safety bioassays of all treatments and α-cypermethrin on non-target predators—guppy and molly—were conducted. Two combinations: 1% lemongrass EO + 1% trans-anethole and 1% star anise EO + 1% geranial, exhibited a strong ovicidal activity with an inhibition rate of 94.4 to 96.2%. They were 1.1 times as effective as α-cypermethrin. The two combinations also showed high synergistic activity compared to single-component formulations, with a high synergistic index and a high increased inhibition value of 37.4 to 57.7%. All EO treatments were benign for all non-target aquatic species with a high 50% lethal time (LT<inf>50</inf>) and safety index. In contrast, α-cypermethrin was highly toxic to them with a low LT<inf>50</inf>. The morphological abnormalities observed in housefly eggs at death were those such as the shrivelling of the eggs, aberrations and damage to the eggshells, hatching lines, aeropyles, plastron, and micropyle. The potential of these two combinations as a cypermethrin replacement is compelling.
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    Synergistic Larvicidal and Pupicidal Effects of Monoterpene Mixtures Against Aedes aegypti with Low Toxicity to Guppies and Honeybees
    (2025-07-01)
    Sittichok, Sirawut
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    ;
    Moungthipmalai, Tanapoom
    ;
    Sinthusiri, Jirisuda
    ;
    Murata, Kouhei
    The present study evaluated the larvicidal and pupicidal activities of pure and mixed monoterpene formulations—eucalyptol, geranial, trans-anethole, and trans-cinnamaldehyde—against Aedes aegypti and compared them with 1% (w/w) temephos. Safety bioassays of all formulations on non-target species confirmed their safety. The combined mixture of eucalyptol + trans-anethole at 400 µg/mL exhibited stronger larvicidal activity, with an LC<inf>50</inf> of 176 µg/mL, while the combination of trans-anethole + geranial at 400 µg/mL exhibited stronger pupicidal activity with an LC<inf>50</inf> of 167 µg/mL. Both formulations were more effective than a 1% temephos. All the mixture formulations were more strongly synergistic compared to pure formulations, with an increased mortality value (IMV) of 25% to 95%. External morphological aberrations observed at death included swelling of the respiratory system. Importantly, all the formulations were safe for two non-target species: guppies (Poecilia reticulata) and honeybees (Apis mellifera). The combination formulations are strong larvicides and pupicides for controlling Ae. Aegypti, which will help reduce the spread of viruses carried by this vector.
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    New Thai herbal shampoos as pediculicides for killing head louse, Pediculus humanus capitis de Geer (Phthiraptera)
    (2018-02-01)
    Sittichok, Sirawut
    ;
    Wongnet, Orawan
    ;
    Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of Thai herbal shampoos [Cartoxylum formosum (C. formosum) + eucalyptus essential oil (EO), C. formosum + citrus EO, Solanum trilobatum + eucalyptus EO, Solanum trilobatum + citrus EO, Moringa oleifera + eucalyptus EO and Moringa oleifera + citrus EO] for killing all stages of Pediculus humanus capitis (Phthiraptera). Methods: A filter paper contact method was applied with three concentrations (0.05, 0.10 and 0.20 mL/cm<sup>2</sup>) of each Thai herbal shampoo as well as permethrin pediculicide (positive control) and drinking water (negative control) against eggs, nymphs and adults of Pediculus humanus capitis. Mortality rates of the eggs were recorded after 7 days of incubation while those of nymphs and adults were recorded after 5 minutes of contact. Results: All herbal shampoos at the high concentration were highly effective against nymphs and adults, but not effective against the eggs. C. formosum + eucalyptus EO and C. formosum + citrus EO shampoos at all concentrations exhibited the highest efficacy against nymphs and adults with 100% mortality rate at 5 min and LC<inf>50</inf> values of 0.004 and 0.005 mL/cm<sup>2</sup>, respectively. All formulation of Solanum trilobatum and Moringa oleifera shampoos added with eucalyptus EO showed mortality rates against nymphs at 92.0%-100.0% and 76.0%-100.0% and against adults at 84.0%-100.0% and 20.0%-32.0%, respectively. Permethrin pediculicide was not effective against the eggs, but showed 68.0%-92.0% and 28.0%-60.0% mortality rates against nymphs and adults. Conclusions: These results indicate that C. formosum + eucalyptus EO shampoo can be used as an effective nymphicide and adulticide against Pediculus humanus capitis.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Ovicidal toxicity of plant essential oils and their major constituents against two mosquito vectors and their non-target aquatic predators
    (2023-12-01)
    Moungthipmalai, Tanapoom
    ;
    Puwanard, Cheepchanok
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    Aungtikun, Jirapon
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    Sittichok, Sirawut
    ;
    Plant essential oil (EO) is a natural alternative to synthetic chemical insecticides for mosquito control. EOs from Citrus aurantium L., Cymbopogon citratus (Stapf.), and Cinnamomum verum (J. Presl.) were selected for topical assay of their ovicidal activity against Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse). Their efficacy was compared to that of 1% (w/w) temephos. In addition, their non-toxicity against aquatic mosquito predators, Poecilia latipinna and Poecilia reticulata, was tested. Found by GC–MS analysis, the major constituent of C. verum EO was trans-cinnamaldehyde, of C. aurantium EO was d-limonene, and of C. citratus EO was geranial. Both C. verum EO and trans-cinnamaldehyde at a high concentration (30,000 ppm) exhibited high ovicidal activity against Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus eggs after 48 h of incubation with an inhibition rate of 91.0–93.0% for C. verum EO and 96.7–95.2% for trans-cinnamaldehyde. The combination of C. verum EO + geranial exhibited the strongest synergistic inhibition activity (100%) against the two mosquito vectors and was five times more effective than temephos. Moreover, they were not toxic to the non-target fishes. As a safe ovicidal agent for mosquito egg control, the combination of C. verum EO + geranial has excellent potential.
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    Adulticidal synergy of two plant essential oils and their major constituents against the housefly Musca domestica and bioassay on non-target species
    (2024-03-15) ;
    Moungthipmalai, Tanapoom
    ;
    Puwanard, Cheepchanok
    ;
    Sittichok, Sirawut
    ;
    Sinthusiri, Jirisuda
    Single and mixture formulations of lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) Stapf.) and star anise (Illicium verum (J. Presl.)) essential oils (EOs) and their major constituents were assayed for their adulticidal activities against housefly, Musca domestica L., and two non-target species, stingless bee (Tetragonula pegdeni Schwarz) and guppy (Poecilia reticulata Peters). The efficacies of the mixture formulations were compared against those of the single formulations and 1.0% α-cypermethrin, a common synthetic insecticide. GC-MS analysis found that the major constituent of lemongrass EO was geranial (45.23%), and that of star anise EO was trans-anethole (93.23%). Almost all mixture formulations were more effective in adulticidal activity against housefly adults than single formulations and 1.0% α-cypermethrin. A mixture of 1.0% lemongrass EO + 1.0% trans-anethole exhibited the strongest synergistic insecticidal activity with a 100% mortality rate (KT<inf>50</inf> of 3.2 min and LT<inf>50</inf> of 0.07 h). The relative percentage increase in mortality rate over single formulations was between 1.6 and 91.9%. In addition, it was three times more effective than 1.0% α-cypermethrin. To find the mechanism of adulticidal action, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was done to find morphological aberrations, such as antennal and mouthpart aberrations, after the houseflies were treated with 1.0% lemongrass EO + 1.0% trans-anethole. The aberrations included deformed and abnormal shape of arista and flagellum, change in labellum pigmentation, and damage to pseudotracheae. Regarding toxicity against non-target species, all single and mixture formulations were not toxic to the two non-target species, while 1.0% α-cypermethrin was highly toxic. To conclude, a mixture of 1.0% lemongrass EO + 1.0% trans-anethole can be an excellent, natural, sustainable housefly adulticidal agent.
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    Insecticidal synergy of essential oils from Cymbopogon citratus (Stapf.), Myristica fragrans (Houtt.), and Illicium verum Hook. f. and their major active constituents
    (2021-06-01)
    Aungtikun, Jirapon
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    ;
    Sittichok, Sirawut
    This study attempted to find safe and effective green insecticidal agents against Musca domestica L., which is a major public health pest in tropical and subtropical countries that have already developed resistance to synthetic pesticides. Plant essential oil-based insecticides are new, effective, and eco-friendly alternatives. Today, they are a housefly control method of choice. The study evaluated the insecticidal effect against M. domestica adults of essential oils (EOs) from Cymbopogon citratus (Stapf.), Illicium verum Hook. f., and Myristica fragrans (Houtt.) as well as their major active chemical constituents. Formulations of these individual and combined compounds were evaluated to see whether they were synergistic against M. domestica. Chemical compositions of these EOs were also analyzed by GC–MS. The major constituent of C. citratus was found to be geranial (45.4 %); that of I. verum was trans-anethole (94.0 %), and that of M. fragrans was α-pinene (21.6 %). Formulation CB3 (0.5 % I. verum EO + 0.5 % geranial) exhibited the highest synergistic effect (SI = 0.04), with 100 % knockdown and mortality rates, a 50 % knockdown time (KT<inf>50</inf>) of 4.0 min, and a 50 % lethal time (LT<inf>50</inf>) of 6.0 min. CB3 was more effective than 1% w/v cypermethrin, followed by CB5 (0.5 % M. fragrans EO + 0.5 % geranial), CB7 (0.5 % α-pinene + 0.5 % geranial), and CB8 (0.5 % geranial + 0.5 % trans-anethole). To conclude, some formulations of combined C. citratus, I. verum, and M. fragrans were strongly synergistic against M. domestica and more effective than cypermethrin. Moreover, since they have been long used as natural food ingredients and in traditional medicine, they are also safe for humans, non-target organisms, and the environment.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Combinations of Lemongrass and Star Anise Essential Oils and Their Main Constituent: Synergistic Housefly Repellency and Safety against Non-Target Organisms
    (2024-03-01) ;
    Sinthusiri, Jirisuda
    ;
    ;
    Moungthipmalai, Tanapoom
    ;
    Puwanard, Cheepchanok
    The present study evaluated the housefly repellency of single-component formulations and combinations of lemongrass and star anise essential oils (EOs) and their main constituents. The efficacies of the combinations were compared against those of single-component formulations and DEET. Safety bioassays of all formulations and DEET on non-target species—guppy, molly, dwarf honeybee, and stingless bee—were conducted. GC–MS analysis showed that the main constituent of lemongrass EO was geranial (46.83%) and that of star anise EO was trans-anethole (92.88%). All combinations were highly synergistic compared to single-component formulations, with an increased repellent value (IR) of 34.6 to 51.2%. The greatest synergistic effect was achieved by 1.0% lemongrass EO + 1.0% trans-anethole combination, with an IR of 51.2%. The strongest, 100% repellent rate at 6 h was achieved by 1.0% geranial + 1.0% trans-anethole. They were twice as effective as DEET and caused obvious damage to housefly antennae under microscopic observation. All single-component formulations and combinations were benign to the four tested non-target species. In contrast, DEET was highly toxic to them. The synergistic repellency and biosafety of these two combinations are compellingly strong support for developing them into an effective green repellent.
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    Binary Mixtures of Essential Oils: Potent Housefly Adulticides That Are Safe Against Non-Target Species
    (2025-08-01) ;
    Sittichok, Sirawut
    ;
    Moungthipmalai, Tanapoom
    ;
    ;
    Murata, Kouhei
    In this study, we investigated the insecticidal potential of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. and Cymbopogon citratus Stapf essential oils (EOs), both alone and in synergistic blends with their primary active compounds, against adult houseflies (Musca domestica L.). Toxicity assessments were also conducted on non-target organisms—dwarf honeybees (Apis florea Fabricius) and guppies (Poecilia reticulata Peters)—to evaluate environmental safety. All binary EO mixtures demonstrated superior efficacy compared to individual EOs and the synthetic pyrethroid α-cypermethrin (1% positive control). The most potent formulation, combining 2.5% (v/v) geranial with 2.5% (v/v) E. globulus EO, exhibited a synergistic effect, achieving complete fly mortality (LT<inf>50</inf>: 0.06 h). This mixture’s mortality index significantly exceeded those of single-component formulations, with a mortality index of 0.22, confirming greater toxicity to flies than α-cypermethrin. Importantly, all the tested EOs and their blends were non-toxic to honeybees and guppies; in comparison, α-cypermethrin caused significant harm. These findings highlight the 2.5% (v/v) geranial + 2.5% (v/v) E. globulus EO blend as a highly effective and environmentally friendly alternative to conventional insecticides. Further research is recommended to optimize its formulation for practical use in sustainable fly management.
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    Ovicidal effect of essential oils from Zingiberaceae plants and Eucalytus globulus on eggs of head lice, Pediculus humanus capitis De Geer
    (2018-08-01) ;
    Wongnet, Orawan
    ;
    Sittichok, Sirawut
    Background: Head lice infestation is an important public health problem worldwide. Chemical pediculicides have lost their efficacy because lice have developed resistance to them. Therefore, alternative pediculicides such as essential oils and herbal products have been proposed for treating head lice infestation. Study design: To determine the efficacy of essential oils from three Zingiberaceae plants (Curcuma xanthorrhiza, Curcuma zedoaria and Zingiber zerumbet) against head lice eggs and to investigate an augmenting substance (Eucalyptus globulus EO) for improving the efficacy of these essential oils in killing head lice eggs, especially on the inhibition of their hatching process. Permethrin pediculicide, soyabean oil, and drinking water were used as positive, negative, and neutral controls, respectively. Methods: An immersion test was used to evaluate the ovicidal activity of 12 essential oil formulations. Head lice eggs were immersed for 1, 5 and 10 min in the treatments. Mortality rate was observed on day 7 and day 14; mortality was checked under a stereomicroscope. Results: All head lice eggs that were immersed in a combination of 10% C. zedoaria EO and 10% E. globulus EO for 5 min did not hatch at all for 7–14 days of incubation. All head lice eggs that were immersed in soyabean oil and drinking water for 1, 5, and 10 min showed 100% hatching rate in 7–14 days of incubation. All head lice eggs that were immersed in permethrin pediculicide for 1, 5 min, showed 100% hatching rate, but when they were immersed for 10 min, permethrin provided 4.0–6.0% inhibition rate with 94.0–96.0% hatching rate for 7–14 days of incubation. All combinations of Zingiberaceae EOs and E. globulus EO at low and high concentrations (5 and 10%) exhibited high ovicidal activities against head lice eggs, and the combinations showed a synergistic effect with an increase in the inhibition rate of more than 50%. Conclusion: These results demonstrated that Zingiberaceae EOs augmented with E. globulus EO are promising ovicidal agents for head lice control.