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    Optical properties of Cu0.95Pt0.05Fe0.97Sn0.03O2 for p-type transparent conducting oxide materials
    (2013-08-30) ;
    Kahatta, Sagulthai
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    ; ;
    The Cu<inf>0.95</inf>Pt<inf>0.05</inf>Fe<inf>0.97</inf>Sn<inf>0.03</inf>O<inf>2</inf> sample has been synthesized by a solid-state reaction to investigate optical properties of materials of transparent conducting oxide. Crystal structure was characterized by XRD. The Seebeck coefficient and electrical conductivity were measured in the high temperature (300 to 860 K), while the XPS and UV-VIS-NIR spectra were analyzed at room temperature. The XRD peaks confirm the samples forming the delafossite structure phase. The Seebeck coefficient reveals the samples displays the p-type conducting. The XPS spectra show the Sn2+ state stabling in this compound. The optical direct gap is 3.45 eV as a visible-transparent material. These results support that the Cu<inf>0.95</inf>Pt<inf>0.05</inf>Fe<inf>0.97</inf>Sn<inf>0.03</inf>O<inf>2</inf> oxide compounds, of which the Cu<sup>1+</sup> and Fe<sup>3+</sup> sites are substituted by the Pt<sup>1+</sup> and Sn<sup>2+</sup> ions respectively, are p-type transparent conducting oxide materials. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.
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    Electrical and optical properties of p-type CuFe1-xSn xO2 (x = 0.03, 0.05) delafossite-oxide
    (2013-01-14) ; ; ;
    Kongtaweelert, Samart
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    Thanachayanont, Chanchana
    The CuFe<inf>1-x</inf>Sn<inf>x</inf>O<inf>2</inf> (x = 0.03, 0.05) delafossite samples have been synthesized by a solid-state reaction to investigate electrical and optical properties of the transparent conducting oxide materials. Crystal structure was characterized by XRD. The electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficient were measured in the high temperature range of 300 to 960 K, while the Hall coefficient, XPS, and UV-VIS-NIR spectra were analyzed at room temperature. The XRD peaks of the samples indicate the delafossite structure phase, and the XPS spectra reveal the stable Sn <sup>2+</sup>-doping state. The Seebeck and Hall coefficient display a positive sign indicating the p-type conducting oxide. The optical allowed direct gap is 3.45 eV as a visible-transparent material. The activation energies for polaron hopping between Sn<sup>2+</sup> sites and Fe<sup>3+</sup> sites of 36 and 32 meV are obtained from the samples having x = 0.03 and 0.05, respectively. The CuFe<inf>1-x</inf>Sn<inf>x</inf>O<inf>2</inf> delafossite oxide compounds, of which the Fe<sup>3+</sup> sites in the CuFeO<inf>2</inf> are substituted by the Sn<sup>2+</sup> ions, are p-type transparent conducting oxide materials. The activation energy is found to decrease with an increased in Sn content. © 2013 American Institute of Physics.
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    A simple route to synthesize ferromagnetic binary calcium iron pyrophosphate CaFeP2O2 using aqueous-acetone media
    (2013-08-30)
    Chaiyasith, Pachernchaipat
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    ; ;
    Kongteweelert, Samart
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    Woramongkonchai, Somsak
    A binary calcium iron pyrophosphate CaFeP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> was synthesized by solid state route using the mixing of calcium carbonate, iron metal and phosphoric acid in aqueous-acetone media at 600°C. The XRD datum indicates the formation of CaFeP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> phase without the presence of any phase impurities. FTIR result indicates the presence of the P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> <sup>4-</sup> anion in the structure. Sheet-like microparticle of CaFeP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> was revealed by SEM. Room temperature magnetization result showed ferromagnetic behavior of the synthesized CaFeP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>, with saturation-specific magnetization value of 11.067 emu g<sup>-1</sup> at 10kOe. The magnetic feature of the synthesized CaFeP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> in this work compared with M<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> (M = Ca and Fe), its isotypic (CaMP2O7 (M= Mn and Co) and CFeP<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> (C= Co and Cu) reported in our previous works is important properties for specific applications. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.
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    Facile, alternative synthesis of spherical-like ca(H2PO4)2•H2O nanoparticle by aqueous-methanol media
    (2013-08-30)
    Kongteweelert, Samart
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    ; ;
    Chaiyasith, Pachernchaipat
    ;
    Woramongkonchai, Somsak
    Spherical-like calcium dihydrogenphosphate monohydrate (Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>•H<inf>2</inf>O) nanostructure was successfully prepared by the mixing of calcium carbonate and phosphoric in aqueous-methanol media at ambient temperature for 30 min. Three thermal decomposition step and higher stability at over 800°C of the prepared sample are different from the earlier works. Spherical-like Ca(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf>•H<inf>2</inf>O nanostructure with diameter < 100 nm confirmed by SEM may be important for potential applications. This method of synthesis by aqueous-methanol media is a fast and simple method and it is expected to be applicable for the synthesis of other nanocrystalline calcium phosphates. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.
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    A new synthesis of BaHPO4 precipitated by BaCO3-H4PO4-NaOH system at room temperature
    (2013-08-30) ; ; ;
    Chaiyasith, Pachernchaipat
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    Woramongkonchai, Somsak
    Barium hydrogenphosphate, BaHPO<inf>4</inf> was synthesized for the first time through simple and rapid method using BaCO<inf>3</inf>-H<inf>3</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>-NaOH, pH =9.0 at room temperature for 30 min. The studied BaHPO<inf>4</inf> decomposed in a single well-defined stage via deprotonated hydrogenphosphate reactions, revealed by TG/DTG and DSC techniques. The calculated wavenumbers based on DSC peak were comparable with FTIR results, which support the breaking bonds of P-OH (HPO<inf>4</inf><sup>2-</sup>) in the deprotonated hydrogenphosphate reactions. The thermodynamic functions (ΔH*, ΔG*, and ΔS*) for the deprotonated hydrogenphosphate reactions calculated from DSC data indicate that the deprotonated HPO<inf>4</inf><sup>2-</sup> reaction occur a lower-energy pathway and spontaneous process. The FTIR, XRD and SEM data of the studied BaHPO<inf>4</inf> and its decomposed product Ba<inf>4</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf> are also reported. © (2013) Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland.
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    A simple route to synthesize new binary cobalt iron cyclotetraphosphate CoFeP4O12 using aqueous and acetone media
    (2009-11-03) ; ;
    Kongtaweelert, Samart
    ;
    A new binary cobalt iron cyclotetraphosphate, CoFeP<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf> was synthesized through solid phase reaction using cobalt carbonate, iron metal and phosphoric acid in the presence of water-acetone media with further calcinations at the temperature of 500 °C. The particle size obtained from X-ray line broadening is 65 ± 24 nm for the CoFeP<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf>. FTIR spectrum of CoFeP<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf> is assigned based on the P<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf><sup>4-</sup> ion in the structure. The SEM micrograph of the synthesized CoFeP<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf> shows non-uniform microparticle, which is important for specific application. Room temperature magnetization result shows superparamagnetic behavior of the CoFeP<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf> powder, having no hysteresis loop in the range of ±10,000 Oe with the specific magnetization value of 14.243 emu/g. The XRD and FTIR results of the synthesized CoFeP<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf> appear to be very similar to that of M<inf>2</inf>P<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf> (M = Co and Fe), which indicates the monoclinic phase with space group C2/c. © 2009 Elsevier B.V.
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    Extraction of Chitin, Chitosan, and Calcium Acetate from Mussel Shells for Sustainable Waste Management
    (2025-08-01)
    Seangarun, Chaowared
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    ; ;
    Laohavisuti, Nongnuch
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    In this paper, mussel shells were used to produce chitin, chitosan, and calcium acetate using chemical processes, searching for an alternative environmentally friendly biopolymer and calcium source. Mussel shells were treated with acetic acid as a demineralizing agent, resulting in separate solid fractions and calcium solution. The solid was further purified to produce chitin by deproteinization and decolorization processes, and then the deacetylation process was used to obtain chitosan. The calcium solution was evaporated to produce calcium acetate powder. The yields of extracted chitin, chitosan, and calcium acetate from 100 g of mussel shells were 2.98, 2.70, and 165.23 g, respectively. The prepared chitin, chitosan, and calcium acetate were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrophotometry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) to confirm the chemical and physical properties. The analysis results of chitin and chitosan revealed the similarity to chitosan derived from crustaceans and insects in terms of functional group, structure and morphologies. The prepared calcium acetate shows FTIR and XRD data corresponding to calcium acetate monohydrate (Ca(CH<inf>3</inf>COO)<inf>2</inf>·H<inf>2</inf>O) similar to synthesized calcium acetate in previous research. In addition, the mineral contents of calcium acetate identified by X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis exhibit 97.8% CaO with non-toxic impurities. This work demonstrated the potential of the production process of chitin, chitosan, and calcium acetate for the development of a sustainable industrial process with competitive functional performance against the commercial chitin and chitosan production process using crustacean shells and supported the implementation of a circular economy.
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    Non-isothermal decomposition kinetics of synthetic serrabrancaite (MnPO4 · H2O) precursor in N2 atmosphere
    (2010-01-01) ;
    Danvirutai, Chanaiporn
    ;
    The thermal decomposition of synthetic serrabrancaite (MnPO<inf>4</inf> · H<inf>2</inf>O) was studied in N<inf>2</inf> atmosphere using TG-DTG-DTA. Thermal analysis results indicate that the decomposition occurs in two stages, which are assigned to the dehydration and the reduction processes and the final product is Mn<inf>2</inf>P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>7</inf>. X-ray powder diffraction, FT-IR and FT-Raman techniques were used for identification of the solid decomposition product. The decomposition kinetics analysis of MnPO <inf>4</inf> · H<inf>2</inf>O was performed under non-isothermal condition through isoconversional methods of Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira-Sunose (KAS). The dependences of activation energies on the extent of conversions are observed in the dehydration and the reduction reactions, which could be concluded the "multi-step" processes. © Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, Hungary 2009.
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    Kinetics and thermodynamics of the formation of MnFeP4O 12
    The kinetics and thermodynamics of dehydration and intermolecular polycondensation reactions of Mn<inf>1/2</inf>Fe<inf>1/2</inf>(H <inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf> ·H<inf>2</inf>O and Mn <inf>1/2</inf>Fe<inf>1/2</inf>(H<inf>2</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>2</inf> were studied under nonisothermal heating by thermogravimetry (TG). On the basis of three calculation procedures and 24 kinetic mechanism functions, kinetic triplets (E, A, kinetic model) using the Arrhenius equation were calculated for both processes. The comparison of the results obtained with these calculation procedures show a strong dependence on the selection of the mechanism function for the process. The thermodynamic functions (ΔH*, C<inf>p</inf>, ΔG*, and ΔS*) of both reactions are calculated from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) experiments. Kinetic and thermodynamic results indicate that the polycondensation step has a lower rate and is a stronger reaction than the dehydration step and corresponds to the breaking of the strong hydrogenbonded P-OH group, in connection with the polycondensation reaction, which confirms that the decomposition product (manganese iron cyclotetraphosphate, MnFeP<inf>4</inf>O<inf>12</inf>) was obtained. © 2010 American Chemical Society.
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    Simple and Rapid Synthesis of Calcium Acetate from Scallop Shells to Reduce Environmental Issues
    (2021-01-01) ;
    Saelim, Jinnaput
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    ; ;
    Chaiseeda, Kittichai
    The search for sustainable resources remains a subject of global interest. Calcium acetate used in many fields was prepared using waste scallop shell as a raw material, and its physicochemical properties were investigated. The waste scallop shells were transformed to calcium acetate compounds by reactions with four acetic acid concentrations at ambient temperature until the completely dried powder is obtained. The maximum yield of 87% with short reaction time at a low temperature was observed in the reaction of 60%w/w acetic acid with scallop shells. Thermal transformation reactions of all prepared calcium acetate samples revealed temperature conditions for heating to produce other advanced materials. FTIR and XRD results confirmed the purity and solid phase of all prepared calcium acetate samples, and they were compared with those of literatures and found to be well consistent. The obtained timber-like particles have different sizes depending on the acetic acid concentration. This work reports an easy and low-cost method with no environmental effect to produce cheap calcium products to be used in the industry.
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