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    N-doped Porous Carbon from Palm Male Flower via Hydrothermal Carbonization
    (2020-07-30)
    Verasarut, Panupong
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    Liamprawat, Tanatorn
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    Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
    ;
    ;
    Panomsuwan, Gasidit
    N-doped porous carbon materials were produced from palm male flower using hydrothermal carbonization processes at 200 C for 24 h followed by N-Doping and carbonization at 700C for 2 h. N-doping was carried out by impregnation using NH4OH at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 M and 2 M. Products were characterized by means of chemical composition and morphology using SEM, XPS, and XRD to characterize specific properties such as physical morpholog, porosity, elemental composition on surface and crystalline structure of PMF. After applying hydrothermal carbonization processes, the results showed substantially increased porosity and surface area with suitable microstructure for N-doped electrodes applications. The highest porosity was obtained at NPC-1.5 M.
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    Effects of hydrothermal temperature and time of hydrochar from Cattail leaves
    (2018-09-05)
    Jaruwat, Dolrudee
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    Udomsap, Parncheewa
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    Chollacoop, Nuwong
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    Fuji, Masayoshi
    ;
    Hydrochar have been successfully synthesized from Cattail leaves via hydrothermal carbonization. This research study the effect of hydrothermal temperature (160-200°C) and reaction time (4-24 h) to develop porosity and surface area. The sample have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to characterize morphology, surface function and disorder in carbon structure respectively. The results revealed that hydrothermal-carbonization process affect on the properties of hydrochar. The hydrothermal temperatures and time were increased resulted in the decomposition of hydrochar gradually increased amorphous carbon and aromatic groups on surface of hydrochar. Cattail leaves was hydrothermal carbonization at 200°C for 12 h resulted in the most degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose.
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    Influence of crystallization time for synthesis of zeolite a and zeolite x from natural kaolin
    (2019-01-01)
    Srilai, Suphada
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    Tanwongwan, Worapak
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    Onpecth, Kobchai
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    Wongkitikun, Thanapat
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    Panomsuwan, Gasidit
    Zeolite A and zeolite X were successfully synthesized from natural kaolin from Lampang province using calcination and a two-step hydrothermal method. First, metakaolin was obtained by calcining the kaolin at 700 °C for 2 h. Hydrothermal experiments can be separated into two types, being high temperature and short time or lower temperature long time. For high temperature hydrothermal treatment, metakaolin was mixed with NaOH to form hydrous sodium aluminosilicate. This was dissolved in dilute HCl. After filtration, the pH was adjusted with deionized water to pH = 7. This formed an amorphous aluminosilicate gel. For low temperature and longtime hydrothermal treatment aluminosilicate gel was mixed with NaOH to form zeolite A and zeolite X. The optimum condition for the first step in the synthesis of zeolite A is high temperature and short time of hydrothermal treatment with NaOH 8 M at 200 °C for 3 hours. This is followed by low temperature and longtime of hydrothermal treatment with NaOH 1 M carried out at 90 °C for 72 hours. The optimum conditions for the first step of synthesis of zeolite X is the high temperature, short time hydrothermal treatment with NaOH 8 M at 200 °C for 3 hours and low temperature, longtime hydrothermal treatment with NaOH 1 M at 90 °C for 120 hours. The characterizations of zeolite A and zeolite X were carried out by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).
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    Nanoporous Carbon from Water Hyacinth Via Hydrothermal Carbonization
    (2020-07-30)
    Chanpee, Sirayu
    ;
    Suksai, Nattaya
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    Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
    ;
    ;
    Fuji, Masayoshi
    Nanoporous carbon materials have been successfully synthesized from water hyacinth via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). This research was studied the effect of hydrothermal temperature from 160 - 200 C and reaction time for 4 - 24 h. Afterwards, carbonization was carried out at the temperature of 600 - 900 C for 2 h in N2 atmosphere for developing porosity and even removing contaminants of hydrothermal char to obtain the porous carbon. The physico-chemical properties of nanoporous carbon materials were comprehensively characterized through Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), CHN elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET analysis. The adsorption capacity and carbon content of nanoporous carbon materials from water hyacinth were increased with increased hydrothermal carbonization temperature and time. Performing HTC at 200 C for 12 h. Is the optimum condition to synthesis of precursor materials for good adsorbent.
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    High performance nanoporous carbon from mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) residues via microwave treatment assisted hydrothermal-carbonization for methyl orange adsorption: Kinetic, equilibrium and thermodynamic studies
    (2022-03-01)
    Siraorarnroj, Siwat
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    Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
    ;
    Fuji, Masayoshi
    ;
    High performance nanoporous carbons were directly prepared from mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) residues by the hydrothermal-carbonization with chemical reagent combined the microwave-assisted treatment. The as-purified ML porous carbon (MPC) was successfully applied for the adsorption of methyl orange, which is one of crucial waste-water pollutants left from an industrial sector. The MPC sample obtained from the hydrothermal process (200 °C, 12 h) using an activation of 15 wt% NaOH (700 °C, 2 h), and combined with microwave treatment at 700 W for 6 min, specifically exhibited micropores and mesopores in the MPC morphological structure. Accordingly, the highest S<inf>BET</inf> was approximately 791.79 m<sup>2</sup>/g with the total pore volume of 0.495 cm<sup>3</sup>/g. Moreover, the adsorption performance test of MPC was conducted by the shaking unit using 100 ppm methyl orange concentration. The MPC showed the highest methyl orange-adsorption uptake of 99% at 30 °C under an ambient pressure (1 atm). The development of mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) residues into porous carbon exhibited a great attention for dyes adsorption with a rapid adsorption kinetic, and excellent adsorption capacity, which are a promising-characteristics for practical waste-water adsorption experiments.
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    Valorization of horse manure conversion to magnetic carbon nanofiber for dye adsorption by hydrothermal treatment coupled with carbonization
    (2024-06-01)
    Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
    ;
    Chanpee, Sirayu
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    Pasee, Warit
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    Putta, Ampol
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    Pollution of water resources has recently increased as a result of expanded industrial activity. Recycling waste biomass into bio-adsorbent material offers a cheap, easy, and eco-friendly solution. In this study, magnetic carbon nanofibers (MCNF) with a highly porous structure were developed from magnetite-preloaded horse manure by hydrothermal treatment followed by carbonization using different ratios of iron (III) nitrate and iron oxide as magnetic precursors. The produced MCNF had a very porous structure with specific surface area of 435.31 m<sup>2</sup>/g and high carbon content. The magnetic characteristics of MCNF promoted by the presence of iron oxide species. The saturated magnetization of MCNF obtained from a 5:5 ratio of the magnetic precursors (iron (III) nitrate: iron oxide) was 2.48 emu/g. Synthesized MCNF was applied as a bio-adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) removal from aqueous solution, with results showing excellent dye adsorption of 92–99 %. MB adsorption was facilitated by pore filling, electrostatic contact, hydrogen bonding, and ion complexation. Experimental results indicated that the Freundlich isotherm and pseudo-second-order kinetic models concurred with the observed MB adsorption data, suggesting that the adsorption mechanism involved multilayered micropore interactions between magnetite and MB chemisorption. The resulting magnetic adsorbent was successfully removed from the aqueous solution by physical separation. Findings indicated that horse manure-derived MCNF could be used as an efficient bio-adsorbent to remove organic contaminants in wastewater.
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    Synthesis of nanoporous material from lignin via carbonization assisted acid activation
    (2020-01-01)
    Ngamthanacom, Nutchaporn
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    Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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    Chaiwat, Weerawut
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    Chuenchom, Laemthong
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    Fuji, Masayoshi
    Waste lignin (WL) from the pulp mill and paper was studied for its potential application to prepare the nanoporous carbon with high porosity via carbonization assisted acid activation. The effect of acid activation such as HNO3, HCl, H2SO4, and H3PO4 on lignin transformation to nanoporous carbon investigated. The physicochemical properties of nanoporous carbon were comprehensively characterized through N2 sorption, Scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), respectively. N2 sorption revealed that the condition using 5% vol of phosphoric acid activation at carbonization temperature of 700°C for 2 h exhibited the highly porous structure of carbon nanoparticles with a total pore volume of 0.035 cm<sup>3</sup> /g. With the properly selecting process variables of waste lignin development could be producing high porosity nanoporous carbon.
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    Influence of hydrothermal-carbonization process on biochar properties from cattail weed waste
    (2019-01-01)
    Smuthkochorn, Araya
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    Katunyoo, Nardnutda
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    Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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    Atong, Duangduen
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    Soongprasit, Kanit
    Biochars have been successfully synthesized from Cattail leave (CL) via hydrothermal and carbonization process. The experimental work described has focused on physical properties of biochars produced from Cattail leaves at 160, 180 and 200°C for 8, 12 and 24 h for hydrothermal and substituted to carbonization at 700°C for 2 h. The influences of hydrothermal and carbonization on the pore structure, surface functional groups and the product yield was also investigated by characterization using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, respectively. Although the morphologies of cell structures were maintained in the hydrothermal and carbonization, it was found that the yield of produced biochar was decreased with increase of the hydrothermal temperature and time. The images from SEM showed that the pore structures are quite roughness on their external surface of biochar and the functional group of their surface area has most of pure carbon content (59-65 wt%).
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    Porous carbon adsorbent from humin derived from thai leonardite for methylene blue dye adsorption
    (2019-01-01)
    Sayjumpa, Jutaporn
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    Jomhataikool, Buntita
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    Faungnawakij, Kajornsak
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    Kuboon, Sanchai
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    Kraithong, Wasawat
    Leonardite is by-product from lignite mine found in northern Thailand. Leonardite is generally known as natural source of humic substances. Humic substances can be divided into three major fractions, i.e. humin, humic acids and fulvic acids. These fractions can be extracted by using solution adjusted to different acid alkaline (pH levels). Humin is a major product that can be extracted from Thai leonardite and it is over 80% yield of product. The morphology of humin is non-conductive bulk material with few porous structures. It can be used as adsorbent for dye adsorption or heavy metal and used as catalyst supporter. The synthesis of porous carbon from humin via carbonization process was investigated in this research. Humin was carbonized at different temperatures and characterized by SEM, FTIR, UV-Vis and BET. Porous carbon from humin was used in methylene blue dye adsorption. The result indicates that the particle size of humin was decreased with well-dispersed and non-agglomerate humin was observed in higher carbonization temperature. The adsorption capacity of humin was increased with increasing of temperature up to 700ºC and decreased at 900ºC according to surface area and porosity results. Although the carbon content of humin was increased at higher temperature, the function group used as adsorbent was decomposed.
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    Catalytic deoxygenation of palm oil over metal phosphides supported on palm fiber waste derived activated biochar for producing green diesel fuel
    (2022-09-13)
    Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
    ;
    Fuji, Masayoshi
    ;
    Palm oil conversion into green diesel by catalytic deoxygenation (DO) is one of the distinctive research topics in biorefinery towards a bio-circular-green economic model to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions. In this study, palm fiber waste was explored as an alternative precursor for the preparation of activated biochar as a support material. A new series of nickel phosphide (Ni-P) and iron phosphide (Fe-P) catalysts supported on palm fiber activated biochar (PFAC) was synthesized by wetness impregnation, and extensive characterization was performed by several techniques to understand the characteristics of the supported metal phosphide catalysts prior to palm oil deoxygenation for producing of green diesel (C<inf>15</inf>-C<inf>18</inf> hydrocarbons). The PFAC support exhibited suitable physicochemical properties for catalyst preparation, such as high carbon content, and high porosity (S<inf>BET</inf> of 1039.64 m<sup>2</sup> g<sup>−1</sup> with V<inf>T</inf> of 0.572 cm<sup>3</sup> g<sup>−1</sup>). The high porosity of the catalyst support (PFAC) significantly promotes the metal phosphide nanoparticle dispersion. The DO of palm oil was tested in a trickle bed down flow reactor under hydrogen atmosphere. The outstanding catalytic performance of supported Ni-P and Fe-P catalysts provided an impressive liquid hydrocarbon yield between 63.37 and 79.65% with the highest green diesel selectivity of 62.64%. Decarbonylation (DCO) and decarboxylation (DCO<inf>2</inf>) are the main pathways for the relative phosphide catalysts as presented by the high number of C<inf>n−1</inf> atoms (C<inf>15</inf> and C<inf>17</inf> hydrocarbons). In addition, metal phosphide/PFAC catalysts could achieve great potential application as a promising alternative catalyst for biofuel production via deoxygenation for large-scale operation owing to their excellent catalytic activity, simple preparation, and utilization of sustainable resources.