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    N-doped Porous Carbon from Palm Male Flower via Hydrothermal Carbonization
    (2020-07-30)
    Verasarut, Panupong
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    Liamprawat, Tanatorn
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    Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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    Panomsuwan, Gasidit
    N-doped porous carbon materials were produced from palm male flower using hydrothermal carbonization processes at 200 C for 24 h followed by N-Doping and carbonization at 700C for 2 h. N-doping was carried out by impregnation using NH4OH at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 M and 2 M. Products were characterized by means of chemical composition and morphology using SEM, XPS, and XRD to characterize specific properties such as physical morpholog, porosity, elemental composition on surface and crystalline structure of PMF. After applying hydrothermal carbonization processes, the results showed substantially increased porosity and surface area with suitable microstructure for N-doped electrodes applications. The highest porosity was obtained at NPC-1.5 M.
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    Catalytic Hydrotreating of Crude Pongamia pinnata Oil to Bio-Hydrogenated Diesel over Sulfided NiMo Catalyst
    (2022-02-01)
    Plaola, Yuwadee
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    Leangsiri, Wanwipa
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    Pongsiriyakul, Kanokthip
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    Kiatkittipong, Worapon
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    Srifa, Atthapon
    This work studied the catalytic activity and stability of Ni-MoS2 supported on γ-Al2O3, SiO2, and TiO2 toward deoxygenation of different feedstocks, i.e., crude Pongamia pinnata oil (PPO) and refined palm olein (RPO). PPO was used as a renewable feedstock for bio-hydrogenated diesel production via catalytic hydrotreating under a temperature of 330 °C, H2 pressure of 50 bar, WHSV of 1.5 h<sup>−1</sup>, and H2/oil (v/v) of 1000 cm<sup>3</sup>/cm<sup>3</sup> under continuous operation. The oil yield from a Soxhlet extraction of PPO was up to 26 wt.% on a dry basis, mainly consisting of C18 fatty acids. The catalytic activity in terms of conversion and diesel yield was in the same trend as increasing in the order of NiMo/γ-Al2O3 > NiMo/TiO2 > NiMo/SiO2. The hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) activity was more favorable over the sulfided NiMo supported on γ-Al2O3 and TiO2, while a high DCO was observed over the sulfided NiMo/SiO2 catalyst, which related to the properties of the support material and the intensity of metal–support interaction. The deactivation of NiMo/SiO2 and NiMo/TiO2 occurred in a short period, due to the phosphorus and alkali impurities in PPO which were not found in the case of RPO. NiMo/γ-Al2O3 exhibited the high resistance of impure feedstock with excellent stabil-ity. This indicates that the catalytic performance is influenced by the purity of the feedstock as well as the characteristics of the catalysts.
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    Nanoporous Carbon from Durian Peel via Hydrothermal-Carbonization and their Application in Ripening Delay of Durian
    (2020-07-30)
    Sitthisantikul, Thanat
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    Poolsili, Pee
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    Devakula, Jindabha
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    Jaruwanawat, Anuchit
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    This research was aimed to examine conditions on synthesis of nanoporous carbon materials from durian peel via the process of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) as an application for delaying durian ripening process. The experiment was conducted by using durian peel as materials for producing nanoporous carbon via the process of hydrothermal at 160-200 C for 8-24 hours. It also included the process of carbonization at 500-900 C for 2 hours under nitrogen atmosphere for developing pore structure and removing contaminants to obtain the nanoporous carbon. The properties of nanoporous carbon were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectrometer analysis. The results indicated that the process of hydrothermal at 200 C for 12 hours and carbonization at 900 C for 2 hours was suitable for delaying ripe durian. This is become of the carbon content, porous structure and amorphous structure increased with HTC temperature.
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    A novel photocatalyst of Y2O3-BaO-ZnO ternary system for enhanced photocatalytic degradation of carbofuran insecticide
    (2024-08-01)
    Sujinnapram, Supphadate
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    Krobthong, Sucheewan
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    Moungsrijun, Sasimonton
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    Boonruang, Chatdanai
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    Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
    A novel Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO ternary system was synthesized via precipitation of a mixture of Y(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>3</inf>.6 H<inf>2</inf>O:Ba(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>2</inf>:Zn(NO<inf>3</inf>)<inf>2</inf>.6 H<inf>2</inf>O using some Fibonacci sequences. The Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO was applied to the photocatalyst to investigate the degradation of carbofuran insecticide. The Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO prepared at the sequence ratio of 5:8:13 (YBZ5) exhibited the highest photocatalytic performance. Morphological characterization showed that the particle size of the YBZ5 sample was significantly smaller than that of ZnO by over half, possibly providing high surface areas. The crystalline structure, functional group, and surface chemical composition investigations confirmed the presence of Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>, BaO, and ZnO. The fluorescence study exhibited no difference. Based on band gap energy and energy band alignment analysis, the Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO ternary system demonstrated a well-aligned valence band. The energy band alignment analysis revealed a good alignment of the valence band for continuous hole transport in the Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO ternary system. The alignment induces charge separation which reduces recombination and provides efficient active carriers at the surfaces of the photocatalyst, allowing reactions with toxic molecules. Therefore, the synergistic function of high surface areas and appropriate energy band alignments of the novel Y<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>-BaO-ZnO ternary system is considered the crucial factor in the enhancement of photocatalytic performance.
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    Surface Enhancement and Structure Formation of Metakaolin from Thailand Kaolin on the Various Calcination Temperature
    (2020-01-01)
    Tanwongwan, Worapak
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    Wongkitikun, Thanapat
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    Onpecht, Kobchai
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    Srilai, Suphada
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    Assabumrungrat, Suttichai
    The metakaolin was chosen as a starting material for the synthesis of the zeolite because it is high crystallinity, reactivity and purity of raw material. Kaolin from Thailand which was selected from 3 different sources including Ratchaburi, Lampang, and Uttaradit were using as starting materials for synthesis of metakaolin by calcination temperature of this study were chosen in the range of 500 to 1000 °C for 2 h. Calcination temperature is significantly affect crystalline size, function group, and configuration of metakaolin by the results which obtained from X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy techniques were indicated that the best metakaolin was obtained from Uttaradit's kaolin which was calcined at 1000 <sup>o</sup>C for 2h by it shows the lowest impurities.
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    Hydrothermal carbonization synthesis and KOH activation of porous carbons from waste marigold flowers
    (2020-03-04)
    Chaiammart, N.
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    ;
    Panomsuwan, G.
    Marigold flower-derived porous carbons were synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and KOH activation. The effect of HTC and KOH activation on the change in morphology, chemical functional group, and surface area were studied and discussed based on the results of scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and N<inf>2</inf> sorption analysis, respectively. Both HTC and KOH activation were found to play critical roles in changing morphology and enhancing surface area. Without HTC and KOH activation, carbons had low surface area and lacked porosity. In contrast, with both HTC and KOH activation, a sponge-like morphology with a large specific surface area of 1825 m<inf>2</inf>/g was obtained. The results serve as a useful guideline for further development and synthesis of porous carbons in certain specific applications.
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    Solid shrimp waste derived nanoporous carbon as an alternative bio-sorbent for oxytetracycline removal from aquaculture wastewater
    (2024-06-15)
    Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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    Samattakarn, Nippit
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    Chanpee, Sirayu
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    Manatura, Kanit
    Recently, it has been critical to effectively remove oxytetracycline (OTC) from aquaculture wastewater before releasing into the environment. The adsorption process is recognized as an efficient pathway for removing OTC since it is a simple, stable, and cost-effective method. This study aims to develop nanoporous carbon entirely from shrimp waste (SW) via hydrothermal carbonization assisted with KOH activation. Existing KOH significantly increases the porosity of SW nanoporous carbon. The optimal SW porous carbon was obtained using 5 wt%KOH for activation, which had the largest surface area of 679.51 m<sup>2</sup>/g with the total pore volume of 0.458 cm<sup>3</sup>/g. Moreover, the SW porous carbon with the highest porosity was selected for the OTC adsorption. The Langmuir isotherm model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model match the experimental data, implying that the adsorption mechanism is mono-layered adsorption due to micropores by chemisorption interaction. The adsorption capacity significantly improved by increasing the dosage of SW nanoporous carbon. The SW nanoporous carbon adsorption for OTC is primarily regulated by pore filling affected by hydrogen bonding, and π-π* interaction also plays a significant role. The SW nanoporous carbon showed an efficient OTC adsorption after 5 regeneration cycles. This work demonstrates biomass waste recycling and emphasizes the potential of aquatic food processing waste-derived nanoporous carbon for antibiotic adsorption.
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    Novel magnetically interconnected micro/macroporous structure of monolithic porous carbon adsorbent derived from sodium alginate and wasted black liquor and its adsorption performance
    (2021-01-01)
    Onsri, Parichart
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    Dechtrirat, Decha
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    Nooeaid, Patcharakamon
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    Amornpitoksuk, Pongsaton
    The novel and facile preparation of magnetically interconnected micro/macroporous structure of monolithic porous carbon adsorbent (MPCA) were designed and presented herein. The synthesis was achieved via conventional freeze-drying and pyrolysis processes. In this study, sodium alginate and wasted black liquor were employed as starting pre-cursors. Sodium alginate acts as a template of materials, whereas black liquor, the wasted product from the paper industry with plentiful of lignin content and alkaline solution, played an essential role in the reinforcement and activation of porosity for the resulting materials. Moreover, both the precursors were well dissolved in Fe<sup>3+</sup> solution, providing a simple addition of a magnetic source in a one-pot synthesis. The interconnected micro/macroporous structures were generated through freeze-drying and, subsequently the pyrolysis process. The obtained cylindrical-shaped monolithic porous carbon adsorbent (MPCA-700) showed high mechanical stability, a high BET specific surface area (902 m<sup>2</sup>/g). Such aforementioned features were considered suitable to make the synthesized monolith as an adsorbent for the removal of heavy metal ions. The maximum adsorption capacity of MPCA-700 towards Pb<sup>2+</sup> ions was 76.34 mg/g at pH 5. The adsorption studies illustrated that adsorption kinetics and isotherm perfectly fitted with the pseudo-second-order kinetics model and Langmuir isotherm, respectively. This work presents a promising pro-tocol to reduce the overall costs in the preparation of renewable adsorbents with good adsorption efficiency and regeneration.
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    Nanoporous Carbon from Water Hyacinth Via Hydrothermal Carbonization
    (2020-07-30)
    Chanpee, Sirayu
    ;
    Suksai, Nattaya
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    Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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    Fuji, Masayoshi
    Nanoporous carbon materials have been successfully synthesized from water hyacinth via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). This research was studied the effect of hydrothermal temperature from 160 - 200 C and reaction time for 4 - 24 h. Afterwards, carbonization was carried out at the temperature of 600 - 900 C for 2 h in N2 atmosphere for developing porosity and even removing contaminants of hydrothermal char to obtain the porous carbon. The physico-chemical properties of nanoporous carbon materials were comprehensively characterized through Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), CHN elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET analysis. The adsorption capacity and carbon content of nanoporous carbon materials from water hyacinth were increased with increased hydrothermal carbonization temperature and time. Performing HTC at 200 C for 12 h. Is the optimum condition to synthesis of precursor materials for good adsorbent.
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    Palm oil conversion to bio-jet and green diesel fuels over cobalt phosphide on porous carbons derived from palm male flowers
    (2020-06-01)
    Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
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    Kaewmeesri, Rungnapa
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    Itthibenchapong, Vorranutch
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    Faungnawakij, Kajornsak
    Porous carbon was successfully synthesized from palm male flowers (PMFs), using microwave-assisted potassium hydroxide (KOH) activation and was used as a catalyst support for the conversion of palm oil into bio-hydrocarbons, in fractions of green diesel and bio-jet fuel. Palm male flower-derived porous carbon (PC), consolidated with well dispersed cobalt phosphide (CoP) nanoparticles, was synthesized by simple wet-impregnation with subsequent thermal treatment. The physicochemical properties of the synthesized CoP/PC catalysts were evaluated by various techniques including proximate and ultimate elemental analysis, FTIR, XRD, N<inf>2</inf> sorption, SEM, TEM–EDS, and NH<inf>3</inf>-temperature programmed desorption (TPD). The effects of the pyrolysis temperatures (600−900<sup>◦</sup> C), used for the impregnated samples before the reduction process, on catalyst properties and catalytic performance were investigated. Moreover, the effect of a liquid hourly space velocity of 0.5–1.5 h<sup>−1</sup> and reaction temperatures of 340–420<sup>◦</sup> C was studied in the palm oil conversion. The catalyst pyrolyzed at 600<sup>◦</sup> C possessed the greatest particle dispersion and surface area, and showed the highest yield of liquid hydrocarbon product (C9–C18). We also found that the high pyrolysis temperature above 800<sup>◦</sup> C partially transformed the Co<inf>2</inf> P phase into CoP one which significantly exhibited higher cracking activity and bio-jet selectivity, due to the improved acidity of the catalyst.