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    N-doped Porous Carbon from Palm Male Flower via Hydrothermal Carbonization
    (2020-07-30)
    Verasarut, Panupong
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    Liamprawat, Tanatorn
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    Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
    ;
    ;
    Panomsuwan, Gasidit
    N-doped porous carbon materials were produced from palm male flower using hydrothermal carbonization processes at 200 C for 24 h followed by N-Doping and carbonization at 700C for 2 h. N-doping was carried out by impregnation using NH4OH at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 M and 2 M. Products were characterized by means of chemical composition and morphology using SEM, XPS, and XRD to characterize specific properties such as physical morpholog, porosity, elemental composition on surface and crystalline structure of PMF. After applying hydrothermal carbonization processes, the results showed substantially increased porosity and surface area with suitable microstructure for N-doped electrodes applications. The highest porosity was obtained at NPC-1.5 M.
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    Effects of hydrothermal temperature and time of hydrochar from Cattail leaves
    (2018-09-05)
    Jaruwat, Dolrudee
    ;
    Udomsap, Parncheewa
    ;
    Chollacoop, Nuwong
    ;
    Fuji, Masayoshi
    ;
    Hydrochar have been successfully synthesized from Cattail leaves via hydrothermal carbonization. This research study the effect of hydrothermal temperature (160-200°C) and reaction time (4-24 h) to develop porosity and surface area. The sample have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopy were employed to characterize morphology, surface function and disorder in carbon structure respectively. The results revealed that hydrothermal-carbonization process affect on the properties of hydrochar. The hydrothermal temperatures and time were increased resulted in the decomposition of hydrochar gradually increased amorphous carbon and aromatic groups on surface of hydrochar. Cattail leaves was hydrothermal carbonization at 200°C for 12 h resulted in the most degradation of hemicellulose and cellulose.
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    Synthesis of copper/carbon support catalyst from Cattail flower by calcination with hydrothermal carbonization
    (2017-01-01) ;
    Jomhataikool, Buntita
    ;
    Gunpum, Wachiraporn
    ;
    Viriya-Empikul, Nawin
    ;
    Faungnawakij, Kajornsak
    The copper/carbon support catalysts (Cu/C) were synthesized using Cattail flower as a support by the hydrothermal, impregnation and calcination processes. The effect of the Cu loading (20-60 wt.%) in impregnation method was investigated over Cu/C catalysts. The Cattail flower was pretreated by hydrothermal at 180°C for 8 h with highest specific surface area to produced support catalysts. The copper particles on support catalyst were prepared with impregnation method. The samples were compressed into pellet (diameter of 5 mm) and then calcined at 900°C for 2h under nitrogen atmosphere to obtain the copper/carbon support catalysts. The resulting samples were studied the elemental composition, morphology, and S<inf>BET</inf> by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), and Nitrogen sorption, respectively. The copper particles on the Cu/C catalysts were a metallic phase and high dispersion on the support surface. The Cu loading at 20 wt.% was the optimal condition because of the highest S<inf>BET</inf>. The increasing of Cu loading resulted in the S<inf>BET</inf> and particle size was decreased.
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    Influence of crystallization time for synthesis of zeolite a and zeolite x from natural kaolin
    (2019-01-01)
    Srilai, Suphada
    ;
    Tanwongwan, Worapak
    ;
    Onpecth, Kobchai
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    Wongkitikun, Thanapat
    ;
    Panomsuwan, Gasidit
    Zeolite A and zeolite X were successfully synthesized from natural kaolin from Lampang province using calcination and a two-step hydrothermal method. First, metakaolin was obtained by calcining the kaolin at 700 °C for 2 h. Hydrothermal experiments can be separated into two types, being high temperature and short time or lower temperature long time. For high temperature hydrothermal treatment, metakaolin was mixed with NaOH to form hydrous sodium aluminosilicate. This was dissolved in dilute HCl. After filtration, the pH was adjusted with deionized water to pH = 7. This formed an amorphous aluminosilicate gel. For low temperature and longtime hydrothermal treatment aluminosilicate gel was mixed with NaOH to form zeolite A and zeolite X. The optimum condition for the first step in the synthesis of zeolite A is high temperature and short time of hydrothermal treatment with NaOH 8 M at 200 °C for 3 hours. This is followed by low temperature and longtime of hydrothermal treatment with NaOH 1 M carried out at 90 °C for 72 hours. The optimum conditions for the first step of synthesis of zeolite X is the high temperature, short time hydrothermal treatment with NaOH 8 M at 200 °C for 3 hours and low temperature, longtime hydrothermal treatment with NaOH 1 M at 90 °C for 120 hours. The characterizations of zeolite A and zeolite X were carried out by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR).
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    Nanoporous Carbon from Durian Peel via Hydrothermal-Carbonization and their Application in Ripening Delay of Durian
    (2020-07-30)
    Sitthisantikul, Thanat
    ;
    Poolsili, Pee
    ;
    Devakula, Jindabha
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    Jaruwanawat, Anuchit
    ;
    This research was aimed to examine conditions on synthesis of nanoporous carbon materials from durian peel via the process of hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) as an application for delaying durian ripening process. The experiment was conducted by using durian peel as materials for producing nanoporous carbon via the process of hydrothermal at 160-200 C for 8-24 hours. It also included the process of carbonization at 500-900 C for 2 hours under nitrogen atmosphere for developing pore structure and removing contaminants to obtain the nanoporous carbon. The properties of nanoporous carbon were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and Raman spectrometer analysis. The results indicated that the process of hydrothermal at 200 C for 12 hours and carbonization at 900 C for 2 hours was suitable for delaying ripe durian. This is become of the carbon content, porous structure and amorphous structure increased with HTC temperature.
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    Effect of alkaline activation on low grade natural kaolin for synthesis of zeolite A
    (2016-01-01)
    Asawaworarit, Panuruj
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    Chollacoop, Nuwong
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    Viriya-Empikul, Nawin
    ;
    The conventional technique to synthesizes zeolite A from kaolin is calcination. However, this technique has one drawback since, the impurities in kaolin, such as muscovite and quartz, remain. Therefore, the hydrothermal process without calcination is used to synthesize high purity zeolite A. Hydrothermal synthesis without calcination can be separated into two steps, namely first and second hydrothermal steps. Alkaline activation reaction in the first hydrothermal step was used to study the effect of NaOH concentration ranging from 4M, 6M, 8M, 10M to 12M at 200°C for 3 hours. In this step, sodium aluminosilicate (cancrinite and nepheline hydrate) was produced and then dissolved in HCl. After filtration, the impurity was removed, and adjusted for neutral pH of 7 to form amorphous aluminosilicate gel. For the second hydrothermal step, amorphous gel was mixed with NaOH (1-4M) to form zeolite A at 90°C for 3 days. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were used for characterization.
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    Surface Enhancement and Structure Formation of Metakaolin from Thailand Kaolin on the Various Calcination Temperature
    (2020-01-01)
    Tanwongwan, Worapak
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    Wongkitikun, Thanapat
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    Onpecht, Kobchai
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    Srilai, Suphada
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    Assabumrungrat, Suttichai
    The metakaolin was chosen as a starting material for the synthesis of the zeolite because it is high crystallinity, reactivity and purity of raw material. Kaolin from Thailand which was selected from 3 different sources including Ratchaburi, Lampang, and Uttaradit were using as starting materials for synthesis of metakaolin by calcination temperature of this study were chosen in the range of 500 to 1000 °C for 2 h. Calcination temperature is significantly affect crystalline size, function group, and configuration of metakaolin by the results which obtained from X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy techniques were indicated that the best metakaolin was obtained from Uttaradit's kaolin which was calcined at 1000 <sup>o</sup>C for 2h by it shows the lowest impurities.
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    Hydrothermal carbonization synthesis and KOH activation of porous carbons from waste marigold flowers
    (2020-03-04)
    Chaiammart, N.
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    ;
    Panomsuwan, G.
    Marigold flower-derived porous carbons were synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) and KOH activation. The effect of HTC and KOH activation on the change in morphology, chemical functional group, and surface area were studied and discussed based on the results of scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and N<inf>2</inf> sorption analysis, respectively. Both HTC and KOH activation were found to play critical roles in changing morphology and enhancing surface area. Without HTC and KOH activation, carbons had low surface area and lacked porosity. In contrast, with both HTC and KOH activation, a sponge-like morphology with a large specific surface area of 1825 m<inf>2</inf>/g was obtained. The results serve as a useful guideline for further development and synthesis of porous carbons in certain specific applications.
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    Nanoporous Carbon from Water Hyacinth Via Hydrothermal Carbonization
    (2020-07-30)
    Chanpee, Sirayu
    ;
    Suksai, Nattaya
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    Kaewtrakulchai, Napat
    ;
    ;
    Fuji, Masayoshi
    Nanoporous carbon materials have been successfully synthesized from water hyacinth via hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). This research was studied the effect of hydrothermal temperature from 160 - 200 C and reaction time for 4 - 24 h. Afterwards, carbonization was carried out at the temperature of 600 - 900 C for 2 h in N2 atmosphere for developing porosity and even removing contaminants of hydrothermal char to obtain the porous carbon. The physico-chemical properties of nanoporous carbon materials were comprehensively characterized through Scanning electron microscope (SEM), Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), CHN elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and BET analysis. The adsorption capacity and carbon content of nanoporous carbon materials from water hyacinth were increased with increased hydrothermal carbonization temperature and time. Performing HTC at 200 C for 12 h. Is the optimum condition to synthesis of precursor materials for good adsorbent.
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    Preparation of carbon supported catalyst from cattail leaves for biodiesel fuel upgrading application
    (2019-01-01)
    Jaruwat, Dolrudee
    ;
    Udomsap, Parncheewa
    ;
    Chollacoop, Nuwong
    ;
    Carbon supported catalyst have been successfully synthesised from cattail leaves via hydrothermal carbonization for biodiesel fuel upgrading. This research study the effect of hydrothermal temperature (160-200 °C), reaction time (4-12 h) and influence of co-solvent such as CH<inf>3</inf>OH, C<inf>2</inf>H<inf>5</inf>OH, H<inf>2</inf>SO<inf>4</inf>, and HCl treatment to porosity and surface area of carbon material. The sample have been characterized by scanning electron microscopy, nitrogen sorption, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were employed to characterize morphology, specific area (S<inf>BET</inf>), and surface function, respectively. The results revealed that hydrothermal-carbonization process and co-solvent treatment have effect on the properties of supported carbon. The hydrothermal temperatures and time were increased resulted in the surface area and pore volume of supported carbon gradually increased leading to increasing metal distribution on the surface of supported carbon. It can be implied that the catalyst is good catalytic activity