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    Item type:Publication,
    Analysis of the Pomelo Peel Essential Oils at Different Storage Durations Using a Visible and Near-Infrared Spectroscopic on Intact Fruit
    (2024-08-01) ;
    Duangchang, Jittra
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    Shrestha, Bim Prasad
    Pomelo fruit pulp mainly is consumed fresh and with very little processing, and its peels are discarded as biological waste, which can cause the environmental problems. The peels contain several bioactive chemical compounds, especially essential oils (EOs). The content of a specific EO is important for the extraction process in industry and in research units such as breeding research. The explanation of the biosynthesis pathway for EO generation and change was included. The chemical bond vibration affected the prediction of EO constituents was comprehensively explained by regression coefficient plots and x-loading plots. Visible and near-infrared spectroscopy (VIS/NIRS) is a prominent rapid technique used for fruit quality assessment. This research work was focused on evaluating the use of VIS/NIRS to predict the composition of EOs found in the peel of the pomelo fruit (Citrus maxima (J. Burm.) Merr. cv Kao Nam Pueng) following storage. The composition of the peel oil was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) at storage durations of 0, 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90, 105 and 120 days (at 10 °C and 70% relative humidity). The relationship between the NIR spectral data and the major EO components found in the peel, including nootkatone, geranial, β-phellandrene and limonene, were established using the raw spectral data in conjunction with partial least squares (PLS) regression. Preprocessing of the raw spectra was performed using multiplicative scatter correction (MSC) or second derivative preprocessing. The PLS model of nootkatone with full MSC had the highest correlation coefficient between the predicted and reference values (r = 0.82), with a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0.11% and bias of 0.01%, while the models of geranial, β-phellandrene and limonene provided too low r values of 0.75, 0.75 and 0.67, respectively. The nootkatone model is only appropriate for use in screening and some other approximate calibrations, though this is the first report of the use of NIR spectroscopy on intact fruit measurement for its peel EO constituents during cold storage.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Revealing the Power of Deep Learning in Quality Assessment of Mango and Mangosteen Purée Using NIR Spectral Data
    The quality control of fruit purée products such as mango and mangosteen is crucial for maintaining consumer satisfaction and meeting industry standards. Traditional destructive techniques for assessing key quality parameters like the soluble solid content (SSC) and titratable acidity (TA) are labor-intensive and time-consuming; prompting the need for rapid, nondestructive alternatives. This study investigated the use of deep learning (DL) models including Simple-CNN, AlexNet, EfficientNetB0, MobileNetV2, and ResNeXt for predicting SSC and TA in mango and mangosteen purée and compared their performance with the conventional chemometric method partial least squares regression (PLSR). Spectral data were preprocessed and evaluated using 10-fold cross-validation. For mango purée, the Simple-CNN model achieved the highest predictive accuracy for both SSC (coefficient of determination of cross-validation ((Formula presented.)) = 0.914, root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSE<inf>CV</inf>) = 0.688, the ratio of prediction to deviation of cross-validation (RPD<inf>CV</inf>) = 3.367) and TA ((Formula presented.) = 0.762, RMSE<inf>CV</inf> = 0.037, RPD<inf>CV</inf> = 2.864), demonstrating a statistically significant improvement over PLSR. For the mangosteen purée, AlexNet exhibited the best SSC prediction performance ((Formula presented.) = 0.702, RMSE<inf>CV</inf> = 0.471, RPD<inf>CV</inf> = 1.666), though the RPD<inf>CV</inf> values (<2.0) indicated limited applicability for precise quantification. TA prediction in mangosteen purée showed low variance in the reference values (standard deviation (SD) = 0.048), which may have restricted model performance. These results highlight the potential of DL for improving NIR-based quality evaluation of fruit purée, while also pointing to the need for further refinement to ensure interpretability, robustness, and practical deployment in industrial quality control.
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    NIR Spectroscopy for Non-Destructive Prediction of Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Global Warming Potential by Biomass Combustion
    (2026-05-01) ;
    Gyawali, Prakash
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    Posom, Jetsada
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    Shrestha, Bim Prasad
    Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from biomass combustion include carbon dioxide (CO<inf>2</inf>), methane (CH<inf>4</inf>) and nitrous oxide (N<inf>2</inf>O), which cause climate change and global warming. By measuring GHG emissions by biomass combustion, a potent protocol for the calculation of global warming potential (GWP), which is how much the global temperature has risen due to combustion processes, can be achieved, contributing to determining the mean reduction in global temperature rise and fostering a transition towards more sustainable energy systems. Additionally, warning can be given of the GHG and GWP risks associated with different species of biomass. This review includes the GHG emissions and GWP of biomass combustion and their measurement and estimation directly through biomass sample combustion, using unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and satellite measurements of radiation interacting with atmospheric gases, or satellite-derived data and calculations according to IPCC guidelines. In addition, the relationship of lignocellulosic compounds and elements in biomass to HHV and GHG emissions is described. The key mechanism of molecular vibration of hydrogen bonds in biomass caused by NIR radiation related to GHG emissions is revealed and recorded regarding the possibility of using NIR spectroscopy for the prediction of GHG emissions and GWP. Calculation examples for sugarcane bagasse and other biomass species are shown. The comparative advantages and limitations of NIR spectroscopy with respect to other methods are included. These factors lead to elucidation of the possibility of using NIR spectroscopy for non-destructive prediction of GHG emissions. In this review, the feasibility of using NIR spectroscopy to evaluate GHG emissions, GWP and emission factors (EFs) as an alternative to IPCC estimation methods related to climate change by biomass combustion is confirmed. NIR spectroscopy is a novel methodology for predicting GHG emissions and GWP directly from intact chip or powder biomass spectral data without explicit gas measurement. This article records the essential spectroscopic knowledge of biomass polymer valorization that is of value in polymer science.
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    Primary assessment of macronutrients in durian (CV Monthong) leaves using near infrared spectroscopy with wavelength selection
    (2024-01-05) ;
    Jaisue, Natthapon
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    Worphet, Akarawhat
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    Tawinteung, Nukoon
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    Farmers would be able to regulate fertilization and produce quality durian if they knew the nutrient concentration in durian leaves. A long period of time for traditional nutritional content determination is needed. Therefore, near-infrared spectroscopy is a good method for nondestructive and quick nutrient content evaluation. The leaf sample matrices (fresh leaves, dried ground leaves, and dried ground leaf pellets) were scanned by Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) with a wavelength of 12,500–3,600 cm<sup>−1</sup>. Regression models were developed using partial least squares (PLS) with full wavelength, short wavelength, and selected wavelength by successive projections algorithm (SPA). In this study, the model for N and K concentration was acceptable and the prediction was considered good but for P content not had succeeded. As a result, the PLS-SPA model using fresh leaf samples for evaluating N content in durian leaves exhibited performance of r<sup>2</sup> = 0.852, SEP = 0.14%, RPD = 2.63 and bias = −0.020%. The PLS-SPA model using dried ground leaf samples for evaluating K content in durian leaves exhibited performance of r<sup>2</sup> = 0.820, SEP = 0.13%, RPD = 2.36 and bias = 0.006%. This research found that it is possible to apply NIR waves to predict N and K concentrations in durian leaves. It is not necessary to predict directly from the wavelengths associated with -N or -K bonds. Instead, NIR can measure them indirectly from the bonding of proteins, which are products formed by N and K. In addition, selecting the wavelength that is related to the value to be measured can produce results that are not significantly different from using full or short wavelengths. These models can assist farmers in rapidly predicting N and K content in durian leaves for immediate fertilizer adjustment.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Non-Destructive Quality Evaluation of Tropical Fruit (Mango and Mangosteen) Purée Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Combined with Partial Least Squares Regression
    (2022-12-01) ;
    Sharma, Sneha
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    Srisawat, Kraisuwit
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    Inta, Wasan
    Mango and mangosteen are commercially important tropical fruits with a short shelf life. Fruit processing is one of the alternatives to extend the shelf life of these fruits. Purée is one of the processed products of fresh fruit. In this research, the quality of mango and mangosteen purée was analyzed. Titratable acidity (TA) and total soluble solids (TSS) were predicted using non-destructive near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. A partial least squares regression (PLSR) model was developed based on the NIR spectra with a wavelength ranging from 800 to 2500 nm. The PLSR model returned a coefficient of determination (r<sup>2</sup>) and a ratio of prediction to deviation (RPD) of 0.955 and 4.7 for TSS, and 0.784 and 2.2 for TA, in the mango purée. Similarly, the best model was selected for the TSS prediction in the mangosteen purée through PLSR, with an r<sup>2</sup>, a root mean square error of cross-validation (RMSECV), and RPD of 0.799, 0.3% malic acid, and 2.2, respectively. The results show the possible application of NIR spectroscopy in the product processing line, although a larger number of samples with wide variation in future studies are needed as an input to update the model, in order to obtain a more robust model.