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    MPC-Based Virtual Energy Storage System Using PV and Air Conditioner to Emulate Virtual Inertia and Frequency Regulation of the Low-Inertia Microgrid
    (2022-01-01)
    Pahasa, Jonglak
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    Potejana, Potejanasak
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    Grid-connected large-scale power converter-based intermittent renewable energy sources (RES) reduce system inertia, increase frequency fluctuation, and increase the rate of change of frequency (RoCoF). An energy storage system (ESS) is an indispensable component of a smart grid, and is used to overcome low-inertia problems. However, the capital and maintenance costs of ESS are high and high RoCoF events are less frequent in power systems. Therefore, the introduction of a virtual energy storage system (VESS) to provide the function of a conventional ESS for power system ancillary services is an innovative and cost-effective method. This study investigated a VESS using photovoltaic (PV) generators and inverter air conditioners (IACs) to provide virtual inertia and frequency regulation for a low-inertia microgrid. A model predictive control (MPC)-based VESS regulates indoor temperature, microgrid frequency, and RoCoF. The impact of parameter variation, that is, the microgrid frequency weight, indoor temperature weight, virtual inertia gain, and number of IACs, was studied and selected by considering the ability of the parameters to provide virtual inertia and frequency regulation. Finally, the efficiency and robustness of the proposed MPC-based VESS technique are compared with those of a conventional VESS. Simulation results revealed that the proposed MPC-based VESS can improve the virtual inertia, reduce the frequency deviation, and reduce the RoCoF of the studied microgrid. In addition, the proposed method is robust to variations in the system parameters.
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    EVs Charging Power Control Participating in Supplementary Frequency Stabilization for Microgrids: Uncertainty and Global Sensitivity Analysis
    (2021-01-01)
    Jamroen, Chaowanan
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    Dechanupaprittha, Sanchai
    Electric vehicle (EV) potential has broadly been highlighted in providing ancillary services in a microgrid, such as grid reserve and regulation support. However, uncertain behaviors of EV charging raise crucial concerns for both the utilities and EV owners. In this paper, the impacts of EV charging uncertainties for EV charging power control participating in supplementary frequency stabilization are assessed separately based on the two perspectives, i.e., power capacity for the utility perspective and expected EV energy for the EV owner perspective. On the one hand, the power capacity accessed by the utility directly relates to the stabilization capability, which depends on the number of EVs that are willing to participate in the frequency stabilization program and the rated charging power of EV. On the other hand, the variance of expected EV energy realized by the EV owners is considered in terms of the remaining state of charge (SoC), energy capacity, and available charging time. Besides, a variance-based global sensitivity analysis (GSA) is essentially applied to identify the influential parameters of these uncertainties. The simulation studies are conducted using a microgrid environment via DIgSILENT Powerfactory software to reveal such impacts of EV charging uncertainties based on the two perspectives. The results indicate that the number of participating EVs is the most influential parameter for frequency stabilization capability, followed by the rated charging power of EV. From the EV owner's perspective, the energy capacity is the dominant parameter affecting the expected EV energy variance, followed by the remaining energy and available charging time.
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    Inertia Assessment From Transient Measurements: Recent Perspective From Japanese WAMS
    (2022-01-01)
    Kerdphol, Thongchart
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    Watanabe, Masayuki
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    Mitani, Yasunori
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    Currently, the substantial renewable penetration brings a low inertia issue to the Japanese power system, threatening stability and resiliency than ever. The inertia estimation based on transient events provides a reliable basis for system control and operation. However, the poor rate of change of frequency extraction from different types and locations of phasor measurement units (PMUs) could significantly lead to inertia estimation errors. As a remedy with a lesson learned, this paper analyzes effective inertia estimations based on transient measurements of the Japanese wide-area monitoring in both distribution and transmission levels. Due to the longitudinally interconnected configuration of the 60 Hz Japanese power system, the polynomial approximation technique is proposed to restrain the strong effect of oscillatory components. To enhance the estimation performance considering an existing center of inertia, the comprehensive mode-shape analysis is performed via geographical measurement locations, indicating sufficient PMUs with precise estimation. The effectiveness of inertia estimation techniques is verified through actual system events corresponding to various transient sites. The numerical results demonstrate that recent inertia of the 60 Hz Japanese system with existing renewables ranges around 7.12 - 8.13 s in its system load base.
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    Adaptive Output Power Smoothing of Grid-Connected Hybrid Wind-Photovoltaic by SMES
    (2020-10-16)
    Pahasa, Jonglak
    ;
    This paper proposes an adaptive output power control of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) to solve the output power fluctuation problem of the grid connected hybrid permanent magnet synchronous generators (PMSG) wind and photovoltaic generations (HWPV). By the power control of SMES, the adaptive output power reference is employed to achieve the desired output power of the HWPV while the variation of SMES coil current is regulated between the minimum and maximum limits. Study result shows that the proposed adaptive power control of SMES is able to alleviate the HWPV output power fluctuation, and maintain the SMES coil current in the acceptable range effectively.
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    A Distributionally Robust Post-Disaster Recovery Method for Distribution Networks Considering Line Repair and Spatiotemporal Dynamic Scheduling of Mobile Energy Storage
    (2025-01-01)
    Huang, Mengqi
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    Li, Yonghui
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    Yang, Jun
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    Wang, Mengke
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    He, Wangang
    Extreme disasters often cause large-scale power outages in distribution networks due to damaged lines, significantly impacting system reliability. Current research faces several challenges: traditional methods fail to fully consider the uncertainty of line repair time, existing robust optimization methods encounter difficulties in solving problems involving mobile energy storage (ME), and simple symmetric intervals cannot accurately describe the uncertainty of repair time. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a two-stage distributionally robust post-disaster recovery model that optimizes the connection location of ME in the first stage and adjusts the output of resources such as ME in the second stage to minimize load loss. A Weibull distribution is introduced to fit the repair time of damaged lines, while confidence intervals replace simple symmetric fluctuation intervals to handle the uncertainty of line repair time, improving prediction credibility. The column and constraint generation algorithm is applied to decompose and solve the model. Case studies demonstrate the proposed method's efficacy in maintaining power supply during recovery by simultaneously addressing repair time uncertainty and PV generation variability. At least 26% of the load can be in service even under worst-case scenarios.
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    Improved Resilient Model Predictive Control for Enhanced Microgrid Virtual Inertia Emulation by Virtual Energy Storage System Under DoS Attacks
    (2023-01-01)
    Muangchuen, Satawat
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    Pahasa, Jonglak
    ;
    The distributed control of a microgrid is fully dependent on advanced information and communication technologies that are sensitive to cyber-physical systems. Cyberattacks, such as denial-of-service (DoS) attacks, can cause unstable operation of low-inertia microgrids. This paper proposes enhanced microgrid virtual inertia control under DoS attacks using an improved resilient model predictive control (IRMPC)-based virtual energy storage system (VESS). IRMPC comprises an attack detector, an autoregressive (AR)-based signal estimator, and an MPC-based VESS controller. An attack detector was used to detect the DoS attacks. An AR-based signal estimator is then used to estimate the feedback data that are subjected to DoS attacks. The firefly algorithm was used to optimize the AR parameters. The effectiveness of the proposed IRMPC was compared with that of conventional model predictive control, conventional model predictive control-based VESS, and resilient model predictive control-based VESS. The simulation results revealed that under a DoS attack, the proposed IRMPC can successfully improve the microgrid virtual inertia emulation. Additionally, the proposed IRMPC has a performance effect over the compared techniques in terms of the reduction in RoCoF deviation and frequency deviation during normal situations, DoS attacks, and disconnection of wind turbine generation. The simulation results also confirmed that IRMPC is robust to microgrid parameter variations when compared to the other methods.
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    Impact on Protective Device Sequence of Operation in Case Distributed Generation Integrated to Distribution System
    (2023-07-01) ;
    Kotesakha, Wikorn
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    ;
    This study aims to evaluate the impact of the distributed generator (DG) connection to the grid. The simulated results present the parameters of the system required to install DG on the end of the main distribution feeder. Various parameters, such as voltage, current, and protective relay coordination are modelled after the actual provincial electricity authority (PEA) distribution system. Various case studies compared the coordination without and with DG connections to the grid by finding the difference of protective devices. The results indicate that the malfunction can be fixed in order of priority protective devices, which operate according to the parameter setting. Additionally, the coordinate functions between the recloser and fuse devices in both phase and ground configurations in the operating zone prevented the drop-out fuse melting or burning out. Based on the result, this problem is fixed by providing a directional recloser device and increasing the fuse-link rated with 40k installation for replacing the conventional sizing, which can improve the performance in case of fault occurrence to investigate the reliability and stability of the distribution system.
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    Forced Oscillation Detection Amid Communication Uncertainties
    (2021-09-01) ;
    Shah, Rakibuzzaman
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    Nadarajah, Mithulananthan
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    Muyeen, S. M.
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    Emami, Kianoush
    This article proposes a novel technique for the detection of forced oscillation (FO) in a power system with the uncertainty in the measured signals. The impacts of communication uncertainties on measured signals are theoretically investigated based on the mathematical models developed in this article. A data recovery method is proposed and applied to reconstruct the signal under the effects of communication losses. The proposed FO detection with communication uncertainties is evaluated in the modified 14-machine Southeast Australian power system. A rigorous comparative analysis is made to validate the effectiveness of the proposed data recovery and FO detection methods.
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    Wide-area damping control using signal restoration under communication uncertainties
    (2020-06-01)
    In large-scale power systems, the wide-area damping controller (WADC) using remote input signals is an effective device that can be applied to deal with poor inter-area oscillation damping. However, its control effect will be degraded by communication uncertainties such as variable time delays in both input and output sides of WADC, partial and complete communication failures. This paper focuses on a new WADC design by regarding communication uncertainties. Such uncertainties are mathematically formulated and analyzed in order to signify its impact on the oscillatory stability. The signal restoration of input and output pairs of WADC is proposed to alleviate an adverse effect of communication uncertainties. Simulation study in an IEEE 50-machine 145-bus test system elucidates that the proposed WADC is superior to that of the conventional WADC without considering communication uncertainties in both performance and robustness.
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    Two-Stage Optimization Based on SOC Control of SMES Installed in Hybrid Wind/PV System for Stabilizing Voltage and Power Fluctuations
    (2021-11-01)
    Pahasa, Jonglak
    ;
    This paper proposes the two-stage optimization of superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES) integrated into hybrid wind/photovoltaic (PV) generators considering the state of charge (SOC) control for stabilizing voltage and power fluctuations. The first stage aims to achieve the minimal coil inductance of SMES that guarantees the stored energy for system stabilization. In the second stage, the control parameters of SMES are optimized to keep the SOC at the desired level. As a result, the minimum coil inductance with sufficient stored energy of SMES for stabilizing system and regulating SOC at the target value can be obtained for entire period of operation. Study results in the distribution system with various loads ensure that the hybrid wind/PV with optimized internal SMES yields superior stabilizing performance in comparison with the SMES externally installed at the wind/PV terminal.