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    A study on binderless co-pelletization of industrial rice-powder wastes and teak sawdust at low and elevated temperatures
    (2022-12-01)
    Munsin, Ronnachart
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    Udtasri, Jakkarin
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    Topaiboul, Subongkoj
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    Kowtakul, Pichet
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    Yeunyongkul, Pracha
    The objectives of this work were to investigate the effect of rice-powder wastes on binding characteristics of pellet at low temperature (25 °C) and to investigate effect of the elevated temperature of die (80 and 140 °C) on the quality of co-pelletized fuel. Mixing ratios of raw materials, i.e. teak sawdust and rice-powder wastes, were tested at 1:0.5, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:3. The results showed that the mixing ratio of 1:1 was optimal at low temperature for binding considered from a trade-off between the increase in friction versus the increase in density and strength. The qualities of pelletized fuel were improved by the elevated temperatures, especially at 140 °C, resulted in the increase in density, compressive strength and energy density, and the decrease in adhesive friction and moisture content. While the color change of pellet was highly depended on die temperature (10 at 80 °C and over 15 at 140 °C), the color change of pellet was not dominated by type of rice-powder wastes.
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    Sustainable Valorization of Salak Peel Waste: Regeneration of Biochar for Lead Removal from Wastewater
    (2026-01-01)
    Buakhiao, Phruektinai
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    Jamkamon, Aud
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    This study evaluates the effects of pyrolysis temperature (600°C and 800°C, denoted as SP600 and SP800) and regeneration reagents on lead (Pb²⁺) adsorption performance of biochar derived from salak peels. Moreover, the lead removal efficiency and adsorption efficiency after several regeneration cycles under appropriate conditions were also investigated. The results indicate that increasing the pyrolysis temperature significantly enhances lead removal efficiency and adsorption capacity, with biochar pyrolyzed at 800°C and loaded with lead (SP800Pb) exhibiting the highest initial lead adsorption performance. However, upon regeneration using hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium nitrate (NaNO₃) at various concentrations, SP600Pb demonstrated higher lead removal performance than SP800Pb across all conditions. Specifically, SP600Pb regenerated by 0.1M HCl exhibited the highest lead desorption efficiency and removal efficiency. Furthermore, after five consecutive adsorption-regeneration cycles, the biochar regenerated by 0.1M HCl (SP600RPb) exhibited a suitable removal efficiency of 83.91 ± 0.10 and a desorption efficiency of 148.73 ± 0.13. The observed desorption efficiency exceeding 100 was attributed to the accumulated release of Pb²⁺ ions during successive regeneration cycles, which indicates enhanced ion-exchange dynamics over time. Therefore, biochar pyrolyzed at 600°C and regenerated using 0.1M HCl is appropriate for the reuse of biochar in lead adsorption, promoting sustainable resource application, cost reduction, and waste minimization in production processes.
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    An Innovative Hybrid Drying Technique for Parboiled Rice Production Without Steaming: an Appraisement of the Drying Kinetics, Attributes, Energy Consumption, and Microstructure
    (2021-12-01) ;
    Prachayawarakorn, Somkiat
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    Soponronnarit, Somchart
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    Hot air fluidized bed drying combined with halogen lamp drying (HAFH) is an innovative hybrid drying technique for parboiled rice production that is more effective than the traditional parboiled rice production (TPP). HAFH can eliminate the steaming process, which is a complex process with high energy consumption, and can also provide a good-quality parboiled rice. The experimental results showed that HAFH achieved faster moisture removal and a higher grain temperature than TPP and the hot air fluidized bed drying technique without a halogen lamp (HAF). The parboiled rice quality and specific energy consumption (SEC) were differently influenced by the production factors (hot air temperature and halogen power) and their interactions. However, the HAFH provides good quality attributes (degree of gelatinization, head rice yield, whiteness index, incidence of white belly, and hardness) equal to those of TPP with a lower SEC in parboiled rice production. Moreover, HAFH generated starch gelatinization both inside and outside of rice grains.
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    Rapid and accurate classification of Aspergillus ochraceous contamination in Robusta green coffee bean through near-infrared spectral analysis using machine learning
    (2023-03-01)
    Ruttanadech, Nuttapong
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    ; ; ;
    Near-infrared (NIR) spectral-based classification of Aspergillus ochraceous contamination in the Robusta green coffee bean was investigated. Six different learning algorithms, including linear discriminant analysis (LDA), support vector machine (SVM), k-nearest neighbors (KNN), decision tree (Tree), Naive Bayes (NB), and quadratic discriminant analysis (QDA), were applied for the investigating purpose. Four classes of fungal contamination on coffee beans, non-fungal contaminated beans on day 1 and day 3 (NCB-D1 and NCB-D3) and fungal contaminated beans on day 1 and day 3 (CB-D1 and CB-D3), were set for the classification intention. Based on the 6 learning algorithms, the Tree approach was optimal, displaying a training accuracy of 97.5%. As proven by the testing dataset, the classification accuracy of the Tree was also at 97.5%. With this number, the Tree could correctly classify 100% between the contaminated and non-contaminated coffee beans. These findings exhibit the potential of the NIR spectroscopy accompanied by machine learning for the early detection of fungal contamination in green coffee beans.
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    Study of air distribution in tray dryer using computational fluid dynamics
    (2021-08-02)
    Rakyat, Manop
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    Yeunyongkul, Pracha
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    Wuttikid, Korawat
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    Promdan, Surapin
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    Nuntapap, Nawee
    The objective of this work is to investigate the air flow distribution in conventional tray dryer and modified dryer using computational fluid dynamics. Simplified model of drying chamber with assumptions was used for simulation. Grid independence study and model validation were performed with the model of conventional tray dryer. Relative error of models was acceptable for all simulations. The shape of front and rear walls of drying chamber was varied. The results showed that the reason of poor air distribution inside conventional tray dryer was improper installation of air baffle resulting in air flow obstruction. Flow pattern inside the modified drying chamber highly depends on the front wall, while effect of rear wall on flow was insignificant. The critical zones occur at the top of drying chamber for both conventional and modified tray dryers.
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    Enhanced biodiesel purification using coffee husk bioadsorbents: The role of pyrolysis temperature, KOH activation, and adsorption efficiency
    (2025-05-01) ; ; ; ;
    Ruttanadech, Nuttapong
    This study evaluates the performance of bioadsorbents derived from coffee husk pyrolyzed at temperatures of 600, 700, and 800 °C (CH600, CH700, and CH800), along with activated CH700 (ACH700), in biodiesel purification. The results indicate that CH700 significantly enhances biodiesel purity, with optimal purification conditions achieved at a dosage of 2 wt% CH700, a stirring rate of 400 rpm, and a contact time of 45 min. CH700 demonstrated modest performance, achieving approximately 20 % removal of methanol and water. However, after activation with potassium hydroxide (KOH), ACH700 demonstrated improved efficiency, achieving 96.92 % methanol removal and 39.46 % water removal. ACH700 also refined biodiesel quality to meet EN14214 standards and maintained a higher biodiesel yield compared to other adsorbents. The bioadsorption process is influenced by the chemical interactions between the surface functional groups of the bioadsorbent and the contaminants, which is further enhanced by the optimized pore structure of ACH700. The use of ACH700 represents a novel and highly effective approach to biodiesel purification, combining both technical efficiency and economic feasibility. Furthermore, the valorization of agricultural waste adds significant environmental benefits, reinforcing the potential of ACH700 for large-scale biodiesel production.
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    Influence of Germinated Brown Rice Production by Water Spraying Method on Its Qualities
    (2023-01-01) ;
    Sansiribhanb, Sansanee
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    Munsin, Ronnachart
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    Thuwapanichayanan, Ratiya
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    Palamanit, Arkom
    This study was aimed to compare the production time (germination and drying process) and quality of germinated brown rice (GBR) obtained from the water spraying-based GBR production (Sprayed-GBR) system and the water soaking-based GBR production (Soaked-GBR) system. The results showed that the Sprayed-GBR, in the germination process, required 2.5 h for spraying in a water spraying step to obtain paddy with the moisture content of 30% (w.b.) and 26 h in an incubation step to obtain the 90% germination percentage. This led to a shorter germination time compared to the Soaked-GBR, which required a germination time of 50 h for a 90% germination percentage. After germination, the moisture content of the Sprayed-GBR was lower than that of the Soaked-GBR. This provided a shorter drying time in the Sprayed-GBR (27 min) drying process compared with the Soaked-GBR (33 min). For GBR qualities, the Sprayed-GBR could decrease the unpleasant odor problem by providing a smaller number of attached microorganisms after germination (Shade drying), leading to a significantly higher score in the odor and the overall acceptability than the Soaked-GBR. This indicated that the Sprayed-GBR got more consumer acceptance. Moreover, the head rice yield value of the Sprayed-GBR was not different from that of the Soaked-GBR. However, the Sprayed-GBR provided a significantly lower GABA content and a significantly higher percentage of fissured kernels than the Soaked-GBR.
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    Prototype of portable robusta coffee harvesting machine
    (2021-11-19)
    Ruttanadech, Nuttapong
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    Sansiribhan, Sansanee
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    Munsin, Ronnachart
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    Thuwapanichayanan, Ratiya
    The limitations of machine size and cost are main problems for coffee harvesting using machine picking. Therefore, the prototype of Robusta coffee harvesting machine with portable and low cost was designed and created in this research. Moreover, the effects of bristle hardness, bristle size and brush rotation speed on the coffee harvesting efficiency were investigated. The experimental results showed that the prototype of portable Robusta coffee harvesting machine was effective to harvest the Robusta coffee. It provided the highest coffee harvesting efficiency of 75.24% by using the bristle hardness of 75 shore A, bristle size of 8 mm and brush rotation speed of 700 rpm. The bristle hardness, bristle size and brush rotation speed were significantly affected the coffee harvesting efficiency. The coffee harvesting efficiency was increased when increasing the bristle hardness from 60 shore A to 75 shore A and the brush rotation speed from 600 rpm to 700 rpm. On the other hand, the increase of bristle size from 8 mm to 10 mm provided the lower coffee harvesting efficiency.
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    One-Step Synthesis of Magnetic Biochar from Durian Shell Via K2FeO4 Activation for Lead Removal
    (2024-01-01)
    Pewpa, Orrawan
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    Ito, Ayumi
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    This study explores the synthesis and application of magnetic biochar derived from durian shell (MDS) for Pb(II) removal. MDS was synthesized through a one-step method using K<inf>2</inf>FeO<inf>4</inf> activation. The synthesized MDS was characterized using various analytical techniques, showing a high specific surface area and oxygen-rich functional groups. These characteristics have made it highly effective at adsorbing Pb(II). The initial pH and MDS dosage effects on Pb(II) adsorption were examined. The highest adsorption capacity of MDS for Pb(II) was found to be 87.43 mg/g, which was observed at pH 7 and MDS dosage of 1 g/L. The pseudo-second-order (PSO) model was found to be the best fit for the kinetics of Pb(II) adsorption, suggesting chemisorption. These results are expected to contribute to the development of effective, economical, and environmentally friendly solutions for wastewater treatment, mainly targeting Pb(II) contamination.
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    Exploration demonstrates high yield and favorable characteristics of crude bio-oil derived by pyrolysis from natural rubber waste for applying as liquid biofuel and value-added product
    (2026-01-01)
    Palamanit, Arkom
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    Ngampak, Supawich
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    Ali, Liaqat
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    Kongto, Pumin
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    Industrial processing of raw natural rubber (NR) and latex inevitably generates natural rubber waste. The aim of this study was to explore the yield and characteristics of crude bio-oil derived from industrial NR waste, with the goal of further upgrading it to liquid biofuel or other value-added products. Cup lump rubber (CLR) and skim rubber (SR) wastes were pyrolyzed at 400, 450, 500, and 550 °C for 45 min. The results show that pyrolysis of CLR and SR wastes provided crude bio-oils with good yield and very favorable characteristics. The maximum bio-oil yields from CLR and SR wastes were 83 wt.% and 80 wt.%, respectively, achieved at 450 °C. The pH and density of the bio-oil samples were in the ranges of 5.15–9.02 and 885–922.50 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. All the bio-oil samples had a very low water content (< 0.2 wt.%). High carbon and hydrogen contents in the bio-oils led to superior higher heating values (38.3–39.1 MJ/kg). Chemical compounds identified by GC-MS revealed a high content of D-Limonene (C<inf>10</inf>H<inf>16</inf>) at 36.16% in the bio-oil from CLR waste. These results are crucial for further upgrading the bio-oil from industrial CLR and SR wastes, to liquid biofuels or other value-added products.