Boonchom, Banjong
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Boonchom, Banjong
Alternative Name
BOONCHOM, Banjong
Boonchom, B.
Boonchom, And Banjong
Boonchoma, Banjong
Boomchom, Banjong
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Email
banjong.bo@kmitl.ac.th
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Item type:Publication, Influence of Organic Solvent on the Physicochemical Characteristics of Calcium Citrate Prepared from Mussel Shell Waste(2025-06-01); ; A green and mild chemical reaction of calcium citrate (CC) was successfully prepared from reactions between mussel shell waste and citric acid in the presence of acetone (AC), ethanol (Et), and isopropyl alcohol (IPA). All the synthesized CCs contained the same functional groups such as citrate (C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf><sup>3−</sup>), water (H<inf>2</inf>O), and calcium–oxygen (Ca–O). However, the differences in the spectra pointed out the differences in the crystal environment and structure of CCs. CC-AC and CC-IPA mainly crystallized in the monoclinic [Ca<inf>3</inf>(C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf>)<inf>2</inf>(H<inf>2</inf>O)<inf>2</inf>]·2H<inf>2</inf>O crystal system, whereas CC-Et mainly crystallized in the triclinic Ca<inf>3</inf>(C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf>)<inf>2</inf>∙(H<inf>2</inf>O)<inf>4</inf> structure. The molecular alignments of triclinic CC-Et were different from monoclinic CC-AC and CC-IPA, resulting in differences in thermal behaviors. Two dehydration steps were observed for the monoclinic CC-AC and CC-IPA, whereas the triclinic CC-Et showed a single dehydration process. The TG mass losses further demonstrated that anhydrous Ca<inf>3</inf>(C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf>)<inf>2</inf> phase, in addition to the Ca<inf>3</inf>(C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf>)<inf>2</inf>∙4H<inf>2</inf>O, was also observed for CC-AC and CC-IPA, whereas CC-Et contained a single Ca<inf>3</inf>(C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf>)<inf>2</inf>∙(H<inf>2</inf>O)<inf>4</inf> phase. The morphologies of CC-AC and CC-IPA also differed from that of CC-Et. The differences in some properties of the synthesized CCs could be attributed to the change in the supersaturation state of the reaction solution. Due to the superior polarity, ethanol is more compatible with citric acid. The presence of ethanol could suppress the supersaturation rate of the reaction solution, causing the modulation of the precipitation mechanisms and reducing the particle growth rate of CC-Et, thereby explaining the difference in vibrational, structural, thermal, and morphological characteristics of CC-Et, compared to CC-AC and CC-IPA. - Some of the metrics are blocked by yourconsent settings
Item type:Publication, Effect of Citric Acid Concentration on the Transformation of Aragonite CaCO3 to Calcium Citrate Using Cockle Shells as a Green Calcium Source(2025-05-01); ; Laohavisuti, NongnuchAragonite calcium carbonate (CaCO<inf>3</inf>), derived from cockle shell waste, was successfully used as a renewable calcium source to synthesize calcium citrate (CCT) using citric acid (C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>8</inf>O<inf>7</inf>). The three CCT products (CCT-2, CCT-3, and CCT-4) were prepared using three different acid concentrations: 2, 3, and 4 M. The physicochemical characteristics of the newly synthesized CCT were investigated. Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra revealed the vibrational modes of the citrate anionic group (C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf><sup>3−</sup>), which preliminarily confirmed the characteristics of CCT. However, X-ray diffraction (XRD) revealed that the concentration of citric acid altered the structural property and the chemical formula of the synthesized CCT. Employing 2 M citric acid, a pure tetra-hydrated phase (Ca<inf>3</inf>(C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·4H<inf>2</inf>O, earlandite mineral) was obtained. However, a mixture of hydrated (Ca<inf>3</inf>(C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf>)<inf>2</inf>·4H<inf>2</inf>O) and anhydrous (Ca<inf>3</inf>(C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>5</inf>O<inf>7</inf>)<inf>2</inf>) phases was precipitated when 3 and 4 M citric acid was used in the preparation process. The lower mass loss observed in the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of CCT-3 and CCT-4 compared to that of CCT-2 further confirmed that CCT-3 and CCT-4 were composed of hydrated and anhydrous CCTs. The synthesized CCT decomposed in four major processes: the first dehydration, the second dehydration, CaCO<inf>3</inf> formation, and decarbonization, generating calcium oxide (CaO) as the final product. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) results showed that the CCT mainly consisted of CaO with a quantity of >98%. The scanning electron microscopic (SEM) image revealed the irregular plate-like CCT crystallites. The concentration of citric acid is a key factor that influences the productive parameters of CCT, including production yield, reaction time, and solubility. 2 M citric acid provided the optimal balance between productivity and cost-effectiveness, with the highest yield and soluble fraction and the lowest reaction time. The results suggest that the preparation of CCT from cockle shell waste can potentially replace the use of commercial calcite from mining, which is a limited and non-renewable resource.