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    Least-squares solutions of generalized linear systems and the matrix equation AXB = C under the general semi-tensor products
    (2026-01-01)
    Jaiprasert, Janthip
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    Phoonphiphat, Thanaphon
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    Zhang, Yang
    We investigate least-squares (LS) solutions of Sylvester-type matrix equations formulated via the general semi-tensor product (GSTP) of matrices. In particular, we consider generalized linear systems of the form A (Formula presented) x = B, where A and B are given rectangular matrices and x is an unknown column vector, with k denoting the GSTP that extends both the conventional matrix product and the semi-tensor product. By analyzing the derivative of the LS error associated with the equation, we show that LS solutions can be obtained by solving an equivalent linear system under the usual matrix product. Using matrix partitioning techniques, these results are further extended to several Sylvester-type equations, including A (Formula presented) X = B, X (Formula presented) A = B. and A (Formula presented) X x B = C, where X is an unknown matrix of compatible size. This framework unifies the classical and semi-tensor product cases under a generalized algebraic setting. Furthermore, we develop a gradient-descent iterative algorithm to compute approximate LS solutions efficiently. Numerical experiments confirm the convergence, capability, and effectiveness of the proposed method.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Quaternionic conjugate-gradient method for solving the matrix equation AXB=C over generalized quaternions
    (2026-10-01)
    Tansri, Kanjanaporn
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    ;
    Zhang, Yang
    We propose a structure-exploiting conjugate-gradient (CG)–type algorithm for solving the matrix equation AXB=C over the generalized quaternions. The proposed method is developed from an idea of operating the linear map K(X)=AXB directly on the matrix space. This enables a matrix-free Krylov subspace implementation that avoids the explicit construction of the associated large-scale Kronecker matrix. By exploiting the intrinsic component-wise structure of quaternion matrices, the procedure performs all computations through matrix–matrix multiplications, leading to significant reductions in computational complexity and memory requirements. Finite-step convergence of the algorithm is established under suitable positive-definiteness assumptions. The proposed framework naturally includes real- and complex-valued matrix equations, the Hamilton quaternion case, and other quaternion algebras as special cases. Numerical experiments confirm the efficiency, robustness, and scalability of the proposed algorithm compared with existing methods.