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    Biological synthesis and characterization of lead oxide nanoparticles using Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. aqueous extract
    (2020-10-26)
    Sutjaritvorakul, Thanawat
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    Lead oxide (PbO) is an important semiconductor material, and it can be potentially applied in many industries such as glass, battery and electronic industry. Metal nanoparticles are commonly synthesized by chemical and physical methods. However, these methods require extreme conditions, and thus causing toxic compounds. To overcome these problems, biological method for synthesis has been developed because it is more environmentally-friendly process. The objective of this research was to synthesize and characterize PbO nanoparticles (PbO-NPs) using aqueous fruit extract of Averrhoa bilimbi Linn. The metal nanoparticles were investigated for the morphological characteristics and chemical composition by scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and were identified by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The XRD pattern and FTIR spectrum substantiated that the metal nanoparticles were lead oxide. It was found that the aqueous fruit extract of A. bilimbi can synthesized PbO-NPs. Therefore, this method can be a promising alternative for low cost and non-polluting production of PbO-NPs.
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    Growth Responses and Regression Analysis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Indica Rice (Oryza sativa L.)
    (2022-01-01)
    Sutjaritvorakul, Thanawat
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    Koomsubsiri, Amorn
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    Sridam, Idhisak
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    The use of metal nanomaterials to promote plant growth and inhibit plant pathogenic microorganisms is gaining interest. In this study, zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnONPs) were evaluated for effects on growth and productivity of indica rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). The rice plant was exposed to ZnONPs with different concentrations i. e. 0, 200, 600 and 800 mg/l. The plant height, weight and the number of panicles per clump were investigated. The result showed that 200 mg/l of ZnONPs induced the highest enhancement of plant height, weight and the number of panicles per clump with a significant difference compared to other groups. The mathematical model of the height, weight and the number of panicles per clump was analyzed by linear regression, and the determination coefficient (R<sup>2</sup>) of the linear regression model was 0.86, 0.84 and 0.52, respectively. This linear regression model could be potentially extended to the indica rice plant cultivation process in practical applications to predict the rice plant growth and productivity in commercial cultivation.
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    Fungal Transformation and Oxalate-Mediated Mineralization of Heavy Metal Oxides by Aspergillus aculeatus
    (2026-04-01)
    Sawangchart, Thanakorn
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    Narueban, Worapat
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    Tilokkarn, Worrathon
    Fungal transformation is increasingly recognized as an important process influencing metal solubilization and immobilization in soil environments. In this study, a fungal strain (PTW4) isolated from mining-contaminated soil was molecularly identified as Aspergillus aculeatus. The strain was evaluated for its ability to solubilize and transform several heavy metal oxides, including ZnO, Pb<inf>3</inf>O<inf>4</inf>, Cu<inf>2</inf>O, and MoO<inf>3</inf>. PTW4 produced consistent halo formation across all tested oxides, accompanied by progressive acidification of the culture medium, suggesting organic acid-mediated solubilization. Characterization of extracellular precipitates by SEM-EDS and XRD indicated mineral phases consistent with oxalate-associated biominerals, including zinc oxalate dihydrate (ZnC<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf>·2H<inf>2</inf>O), lead oxalate (PbC<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf>), and copper oxalate hydrate (CuC<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf>·xH<inf>2</inf>O). These minerals represent low-solubility phases that may reduce metal mobility in the surrounding environment. In contrast, molybdenum did not precipitate under the experimental conditions, suggesting metal-specific constraints in fungal biomineralization processes. Although organic acid production was not directly quantified, identification of oxalate mineral phases supports an oxalate-associated mineralization mechanism. Overall, the results provide evidence for heavy metal solubilization and selective extracellular precipitation consistent with oxalate biomineral formation by A. aculeatus PTW4, highlighting its potential relevance to fungal-mediated bioremediation and selective bioleaching processes.
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    ZNO AND TIO2 nanoparticles stimulate callus induction and secondary metabolite production in indica RICE
    (2020-01-01) ;
    Sutjaritvorakul, Thanawat
    Metal nanoparticles are widely used in various fields of industry and their impact in the agricultural field is increasing. This research was carried out to investigate the effects of ZnO and TiO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticles on callus induction and plant metabolism in indica rice. Indica rice was assessed in plant tissue culture condition to estimate the influence of metal nanoparticles on morphological and physiological factors over 4 weeks. The seeds of Oryza sativa L. var. KDML105 were exposed to 1-3 mg L<sup>-1</sup> of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in the callus induction medium. The induced-calli were cultured on the callus induction medium supplemented with 2 mg L<sup>-1</sup> of 2,4-D and showed a high increase in size and dry weight contents under the light condition when compared with the control and other treatments. Moreover, this research also investigated the potential impacts of ZnO and TiO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticles at 200, 400 and 800 mg L<sup>-1</sup> on morphological and metabolic responses of the induced-calli cultured on the callus induction medium supplemented with 2,4-D and each type of metal nanoparticles. At 4 weeks after treatment, the induced-calli were analyzed for plant growth and assays on aspects of their metabolism were undertaken. The induced-calli exposed to 200 mg L<sup>-1</sup> of ZnO or TiO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticles were found to have significant increase of biomass (size and dry weight of callus), total phenolic compounds and total flavonoid contents in KDML105 variety. The results demonstrated that utilization of ZnO and TiO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticles at appropriate concentration could positively induce the production of beneficial secondary metabolites in the induced-calli of indica rice and are worthy of further study for applications in other plant species.
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    Physiological and metabolic modifications in response to nanocarbon in callus of Indica rice cultivar
    (2020-01-01)
    Sutjaritvorakul, Thanawat
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    Nanocarbon has been shown to be implicated in the response of plants to an assortment of positive or negative impacts. In the present research, the effects of nanocarbon on cell growth and secondary metabolite production on rice callus were studied. Different concentrations of nanocarbon (0-1000 mgl<sup>−1</sup>) were added into callus induction media to investigate the effects on the growth of callus, and secondary metabolite production in indica rice callus (Oryza sativa L. cv. Pathumthani1). The growth of callus was measured in terms of the size and weight of callus, and secondary metabolite production was determined based on the levels of total phenolic compounds and flavonoid production. The results showed that the callus induction, the callus growth and the secondary metabolite production in rice callus after treatment with nanocarbon were significantly different when compared to control (without treatment with nanocarbon). The rice callus treated with low (100 and 200 mgl<sup>-1</sup>) and moderate (400 and 600 mgl<sup>-1</sup>) level of nanocarbon displayed an enhancement in callus growth, total phenolic compounds and flavonoid production. However, the induction of callus, cell growth, and secondary metabolite production were decreased when rice callus was treated with high concentrations of nanocarbon (800 and 1000 mgl<sup>-1</sup>). The results of this research showed that the nanocarbon application of 400-600 mgl<sup>-1</sup> had potential to induce the cell growth and secondary metabolite production. This research suggests further investigation in using different concentrations of nanocarbon on other plant species for potential pharmaceutical application.