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    Synergistic Piezo- and Triboelectricity in a Novel Triglycine Sulfate/Bacterial Cellulose/Chitosan Flexible Composite Nanogenerator
    (2025-08-14)
    Ukasi, Sirinya
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    Saichompoo, Kittipan
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    Sae-tang, Chanachot
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    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
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    Organic piezoelectric materials offer sustainable alternatives for mechanical energy harvesting (MEH), yet their potential remains underexplored compared to inorganic counterparts. This study pioneers the use of triglycine sulfate (TGS), a rarely studied organic piezoelectric, within a flexible three-phase composite with bacterial cellulose (BC) and chitosan (CS) for piezoelectric (PENG) and triboelectric (TENG) nanogenerators. Unlike widely researched systems, TGS's unique hybrid organic–inorganic nature is leveraged here for the first time in MEH. Optimized at a 50:50 BC:CS ratio with 40 wt.% TGS, achieves a TENG output of 141.2 V and 93.3 µA post-poling—1.8 and 2.4 fold higher than unpoled samples—driven by TGS's dipole alignment. Separately, the configuration utilizing a 5 wt.% TGS loading yields 13.7 V and 0.19 µA. Advanced characterization (ATR-FTIR, SR-XTM) and simulations (COMSOL, DFT) reveal TGS's synergy with BC/CS roughness, enhancing charge generation. Delivering 118.65 µW cm<sup>−</sup><sup>2</sup>, the TENG (from the 40 wt.% TGS poled sample) powers a digital watch, showcasing practical promise. This work not only introduces TGS as a novel MEH candidate but also provides mechanistic insights into its polarization, advancing bio-hybrid nanogenerator design.
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    Synergistic Integration of MgAl-LDH Nanosheets into Bacterial Cellulose for High-Performance Triboelectric Nanogenerators
    (2025-08-04)
    Mohsom, Phitchayaphorn
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    Suktep, Natdanai
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    Sae-Tang, Chanachot
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    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
    A novel nanocomposite design is presented in which magnesium aluminum layered double hydroxide (MgAl-LDH) nanosheets are synergistically integrated with bacterial cellulose (BC) to fabricate a flexible triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG). Utilizing a facile solution synthesis combined with a casting process, composite films with controlled MgAl-LDH loadings (0.25–5% v/v) were developed. The optimal composite, containing 1.5% v/v MgAl-LDH, exhibits an open-circuit voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) of 88.5 V, a short-circuit current (I<inf>SC</inf>) of 87.7 μA, and a maximum output power (P<inf>max</inf>) of 1250 μW (power density ≈138 μW/cm<sup>2</sup>), which is > 35 times higher than that of pristine BC. Notably, this performance corresponds to a superior filler efficiency metric, demonstrating a highly effective use of the nanosheet additive compared to other reported systems. This performance enhancement is attributed to the multifunctional role of MgAl-LDH nanosheets in increasing the dielectric constant through improved interfacial conductivity and the formation of parallel microcapacitors under an induced electric field. Finite element simulations corroborate the proposed mechanism, and practical demonstrations show the nanocomposite powering 200 LEDs as well as functioning as a self-powered sensor for finger movement monitoring. These findings advance the development of high-performance, flexible energy-harvesting devices.
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    A Self-Powered and Chemically Responsive Triboelectric Nanogenerator Based on Surface Protonation in SrO2Nanopowder/Graphene Oxide/epoxy Composite for pH Sensing
    (2025-12-05)
    Saengpoe, Prasert
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    Supasai, Wisut
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    Amorntep, Narong
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    Nilnumpetch, Chatree
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    Nokkaew, Manussawee
    Practical implementation of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) in autonomous systems is frequently impeded by their inadequate durability in chemically harsh environments. To address this limitation, we present a durable TENG utilizing a strontium dioxide nanopowders/graphene oxide/epoxy resin (SrO<inf>2</inf>NPOs/GO/ER) composite, positioning SrO<inf>2</inf>NPOs as an innovative, high-permittivity filler for triboelectric applications. By synergistically integrating the elevated dielectric constant of SrO<inf>2</inf>NPOs with the interfacial polarization of GO NPOs, our optimized composite achieves an outstanding output of approximately 136 V and 2.3 μA/cm<sup>2</sup>under a 100 N force, exceeding the performance of numerous advanced TENGs. Significantly, we convert a common degradation mechanism, i.e., surface protonation, into a functional sensing approach. The device leverages reversible protonation–deprotonation dynamics to convert environmental pH into distinct electrical signals, enabling self-powered, real-time pH sensing. The sensor exhibits excellent linearity (R<sup>2</sup>> 0.97) across three distinct operational regions (pH 1–12), demonstrating high sensitivity to acidity changes. The device has demonstrated remarkable durability, completing approximately 11,000 mechanical cycles. Also, the proposed device serves high chemical durability, maintaining stable performance (up to 6000 cycles) after 24 h immersion in neutral and alkaline solutions. Our work establishes a resilient, multifunctional platform that simultaneously harvests energy and senses its chemical surroundings by reframing protonation as a design principle. This breakthrough paves the way for next-generation TENGs for use in environmental monitoring, resilient IoT networks, and adaptive self-powered electronics that can function under conditions where the chemical environment changes.
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    Enhancing Performance of Composite-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators Through Laser Surface Patterning and Graphite Coating for Sustainable Energy Solutions
    (2024-11-01)
    Amorntep, Narong
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    Srichan, Chavis
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    Sriphan, Saichon
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    Wiangwiset, Thalerngsak
    The performance of composite-based triboelectric nanogenerators (C–TENGs) was significantly enhanced through laser surface patterning and graphite coating. The laser etching process produced accurate and consistent patterns, increasing surface area and improving charge accumulation. SEM imagery confirmed the structural differences and enhanced surface properties of the laser-etched C–TENGs. Graphite fibers further augmented the contact surface area, enhancing charge accumulation and diffusion. Experimental results demonstrated that the optimized C–TENGs, especially those with line patterns and graphite coating, achieved a maximal 98.87 V open-circuit voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) and a 0.10 µA/cm<sup>2</sup> short-circuit current density (J<inf>SC</inf>) under a 20 N external force. Environmental tests revealed a slight decrease in performance with increased humidity, while long-term stability tests indicated consistent performance over three weeks. Practical application tests showed the potential of C–TENGs integrated into wearable devices, generating sufficient energy for low-power applications, thereby highlighting the promise of these devices for sustainable energy solutions.
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    Hybrid Textile Nanogenerators Based on Cotton-PANI/CNT Composites for Simultaneous Harvesting of Mechanical and Thermal Energy
    (2025-06-09)
    Navatragulpisit, Suchanat
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    Saetang, Chanachot
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    Mohsom, Phitchayaphorn
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    Sriphan, Saichon
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    Pakawanit, Phakkhananan
    Rapid advancements in wearable electronics (WEs) have accelerated the development of textile-based triboelectric nanogenerators (T-TENGs) as flexible and sustainable power sources. However, one major challenge lies in mitigating the charge loss due to heat generation during repeated mechanical operations. In this work, we demonstrate a hybrid energy-harvesting textile that integrates both triboelectric and thermoelectric functionalities. Cotton (cot-) fabric serves as the triboelectric substrate, coated with a polyaniline/carbon nanotube (PANI/CNT) thermoelectric composite, enabling the simultaneous harvesting of mechanical and thermal energy. The optimized cot-PANI/CNT device exhibits a high Seebeck coefficient (98.5 mV/K), a power factor of ∼9 μW/mK<sup>2</sup>, and improved electrical conductivity, while maintaining fabric flexibility. The hybrid system achieves an open-circuit voltage (V<inf>OC</inf>) of ∼40.0 V and a short-circuit current (I<inf>SC</inf>) of ∼77.3 μA, yielding a maximum output power of ∼272.3 μW (30.3 μW/cm<sup>2</sup>). The device successfully powers wearable-scale electronics, and mechanistic insights are provided into the synergistic charge generation pathways between the triboelectric and thermoelectric components.
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    Acidic dynamics: Unveiling mechanistic insights for improved performance in chitosan triboelectric nanogenerators
    (2024-07-01)
    Charoonsuk, Thitirat
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    Ukasi, Sirinya
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    Mokthaisong, Panadta
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    Khuntakaew, Pawita
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    Hajra, Sugato
    In recent years, there has been a surge in interest surrounding the development of chitosan (CS)-based triboelectric nanogenerators (TENG) for powering attachable/portable devices. Despite numerous strategies aimed at enhancing their efficiency, the selection of acid solvent has remained largely unexplored. In this study, various acids, including acetic (CH<inf>3</inf>COOH), succinic (C<inf>4</inf>H<inf>6</inf>O<inf>4</inf>), and citric (C<inf>6</inf>H<inf>8</inf>O<inf>7</inf>) acids, were investigated for their impact on mechanical and electrical output signals. Remarkably, the choice and concentration of acid were found to significantly influence performance. Specifically, employing citric acid rendered the CS solid film more pliable and yielded the highest output signal at optimal concentration levels. Under optimized conditions, the CS-TENG exhibited an open-circuit voltage output (V<inf>OC</inf>) of 157 V and short-circuit current output (I<inf>SC</inf>) of 53 µA—more than triple that of pristine CS-TENG. Mechanistic insights into electrical generation have been elucidated, underscoring the importance of solvent selection in CS TENG fabrication. These findings underscore the potential for tailored acid solvent selection to advance specialized applications in the field.
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