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    Spectroscopic investigation and local structure of Eu3+ ions in lead phosphate glasses for optical device applications
    (2024-04-01)
    Basavapoornima, Ch
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    Masthanaiah, E.
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    Vijaya, N.
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    Depuru, Shobha Rani
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    Kaewkhao, J.
    Phosphate-based glasses are promising materials which are being employed for broad range of applications whereas Eu<sup>3+</sup> is an efficient activator due to its predominant <sup>5</sup>D<inf>0</inf> →<sup>7</sup>F<inf>2</inf> emission (red region). In this direction, an attempt has been made to investigate the effect of Eu<sup>3+</sup> ions doped lead phosphate glasses (PPbKANEu: P<inf>2</inf>O<inf>5</inf>+PbO+K<inf>2</inf>O+Al<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>+Na<inf>2</inf>O+Eu<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf>) to explore possible photonic device applications. Optical absorption, excitation, photoluminescence and decay rates are used to characterize the PPbKANEu glasses. The photoluminescence spectrum of Eu<sup>3+</sup>:PPbKAN glasses exhibit emission channels from the first excited (<sup>5</sup>D<inf>0</inf>) to the ground (<sup>7</sup>F<inf>J</inf> (J =0–4)) multiplets. To determine the local site symmetry of surrounding Eu<sup>3+</sup> ions, the relative fluorescence intensity ratio of <sup>5</sup>D<inf>0</inf>→<sup>7</sup>F<inf>1</inf> versus <sup>5</sup>D<inf>0</inf>→<sup>7</sup>F<inf>2</inf> emission channels has been analyzed. The emission spectrum of PPbKANEu glasses exhibits a comprehensive lifting of degeneracy of <sup>5</sup>D<inf>0</inf>→<sup>7</sup>F<inf>2</inf> and <sup>5</sup>D<inf>0</inf>→<sup>7</sup>F<inf>1</inf> emission channels. By considering C<inf>2v</inf> symmetry for Eu<sup>3+</sup> ions, the second (B<inf>0</inf><sup>2</sup><sup>=</sup> −406 and B<inf>2</inf><sup>2</sup>=−158) and fourth (B<inf>0</inf><sup>4</sup>=980, B<inf>2</inf><sup>4</sup>=297 and B<inf>4</inf><sup>4</sup>=926 cm<sup>–1</sup>) rank crystal–field (CF) characteristics were estimated along with CF strength factor (S= 402 cm<sup>–1</sup>). The lifetime of <sup>5</sup>D<inf>0</inf> state is estimated to be 2.09, 2.23, 2.21 and 2.21 ms for 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mol% of Eu<sup>3+</sup> ions, respectively. The analysis of the decay times reveals that the lifetime of <sup>5</sup>D<inf>0</inf> state is less affected by the concentration of the Eu<sup>3+</sup> ion. The results are compared and discussed with reported values and confirm the potentiality of the PPbKANEu glasses for optical device applications in visible regions.
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    Optimization of Pr3+-doped glasses for photonic applications: an overview and challenges in Judd–Ofelt analysis
    (2026-07-17)
    Kesavulu, C. R.
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    Soumya, S.
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    Saikia, Darshana
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    Jayasankar, Deviprasad Chalicheemalapalli
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    Characteristics (optical, luminescence, up-conversion, etc.) of triply ionized Praseodymium (Pr<sup>3+</sup>) ions doped glasses, glass-ceramics, phosphors and crystals have been widely studied for the development of photonic devices. Most of these characteristics are mainly based on Judd–Ofelt (JO) theory to interpret transition intensities and in turn to simulate radiative properties of Pr<sup>3+</sup> ions based optical materials. However, JO analysis provides inconsistent results for Pr<sup>3+</sup>:glasses. Further, besides no review is available focusing on uneven findings of Pr<sup>3+</sup>:glasses. Therefore, a comprehensive data on Pr<sup>3+</sup>:glasses have been collected (490 Pr<sup>3+</sup>:glasses) and compared, besides labeling glass compositions systematically. The properties that are reviewed include, Nephelauxetic effect, optical energy gap, thermal, JO parameters, radiative properties, etc. It has been noticed that the systematic study either in preparation or optimization of characteristic properties are very much missing. Moreover, large number of data sets of literature are presented at one place which is very much useful for predictive modeling approaches. Also, the primary focus of the present review is not to provide a comprehensive summary of all studies conducted so far or to discuss new findings, but rather to highlight the challenges associated with JO parameters for Pr<sup>3+</sup> ions that influence the development of optical materials, components, and applications.
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    Effect of Ultrasonic Irradiation Time on Physical Properties and Photocatalytic Performance of BiVO4 Nanoparticles Prepared via Sonochemical Process
    (2021-01-01)
    Kansaard, Thanaphon
    ;
    Bangbai, Chatpong
    ;
    Jayasankar, C. K.
    ;
    Currently, photocatalyst materials have gained considerable attraction because of very rich economic performance of decomposition of highly toxic organic compound to lower toxic composition. The effort of this work was paid to study the effect of sonochemical ultrasonic irradiation time on the relevant properties of visible-light-driven bismuth vanadate (BiVO<inf>4</inf>) photocatalyst without any further thermal treatment process. The chemical bonding of BiVO<inf>4</inf> nanopowder was investigated by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectrometer technique. Meanwhile their structure was characterized by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). Field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) was used to observe particle morphology and chemical compositions was investigated by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). Photocatalytic performance of BiVO<inf>4</inf> nanopowder was studied by decomposition of organic dye as organic pollutant model using visible light to excite photocatalyst materials. It was found that sonochemical irradiation time supplied during chemical process can effectively expedite the formation of BiVO<inf>4</inf> nanoparticle. The optimized condition to obtain the product with enhanced photocatalytic performance of 60% decomposition is achieved as the sample was prepared at 40 min ultrasonic irradiation.
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    Glass-Ceramic Na3+x[(Zr/Cr)x(Sc/Ti)2-x(PO4)3 Electrolyte Materials for Na-Ion Full-Cell Application
    (2023-01-01)
    Gandi, Shyam Sundar
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    Katta, Vamsi Krishna
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    Jayasankar, C. K.
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    Ravuri, Balaji Rao
    Na<inf>3+x</inf>[(Zr/Cr)<inf>x</inf>(Sc/Ti)<inf>2-x</inf>(PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>3</inf>] glass-ceramic material compositions containing NASICON-type crystalline phases might be a good candidate as an efficient electrolyte exclusively for Na-ion batteries. All-solid-state Na-ion full cells are designed with the three-layered pellets (NaCo<inf>0.7</inf>(VO)<inf>0.3</inf>PO<inf>4</inf>/Na<inf>3.5</inf>Zr<inf>0.5</inf>Sc<inf>1.5</inf>(PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>3</inf> (NZSP) and Na<inf>3.5</inf>Cr<inf>0.5</inf>Ti<inf>1.5</inf>(PO<inf>4</inf>)<inf>3</inf>) (NCTP)/Na-metal foil). The electrical conductivity of the NZSPglass-ceramic powder sample achieves to be highest (9.47 × 10<sup>−04</sup> S/cm) due to its lower grain boundary resistance (R <inf>gb</inf>) as observed in SEM images and also exhibits best electrochemical stability against conductivity when the samples kept in ambient air for 60 d. The charge/discharge capacities for the initial cycle are 75/69 and 60/53 mAhg<sup>−1</sup> to both NZSP and NCTP of two full cells, respectively. However, discharge capacities are boosted up for both these cells without much loss in coulombic efficiency even after 10 cycles.
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    A critical review and future prospects of Dy3+-doped glasses for white light emission applications
    (2022-09-01)
    Chandrappa, V.
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    Basavapoornima, Ch
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    Venkatramu, V.
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    Depuru, Shobha Rani
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    Kaewkhao, J.
    Rare-earth (RE)-doped glassy systems gained much interest because of its wide variety of applications in numerous potential fields that include optical fibers, solid state lasers, optical amplifiers, optical thermometry sensors, waveguides, infrared detectors, spectral converters, display devices, and so on. Within RE ions, the trivalent dysprosium (Dy<sup>3+</sup>) ion is the most unique and characteristic ion to examine emission properties for white light and visible display emitting devices. Because, Dy<sup>3+</sup> ion emits two intense emissions in the blue (~480 nm) and yellow (~575 nm) regions that are assigned to the <sup>4</sup>F<inf>9/2</inf>→<sup>6</sup>H<inf>15/2</inf> and <sup>4</sup>F<inf>9/2</inf>→<sup>6</sup>H<inf>13/2</inf> transition energies, respectively. Under the excitation of blue laser, Dy<sup>3+</sup> ions exhibit attractive yellowish white fluorescence emission with higher quantum efficiency. In view of the importance of identifying efficient luminescent emitting materials for the development of optical devices, the present work is to investigate white light emission in new glass composition of B<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> +TeO<inf>2</inf> +SrCO<inf>3</inf> +ZnO+ZnF<inf>2</inf> +Dy<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> glass and in turn to compare and discuss these results with reported Dy<sup>3+</sup>:glasses. The tabulated reported data bank for 68 Dy<sup>3+</sup>:glasses at one place should prove valuable information for future work on rationalization of theoretical and practical point of view to enrich white light emission quantification, simulation and systemization.
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    Tailoring the Emission Behavior of WO3 Thin Films by Eu3+ Ions for Light-Emitting Applications
    (2023-01-01)
    Kavitha, V. S.
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    Biju, V.
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    Gopchandran, K. G.
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    Praveena, R.
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    Jayasankar, C. K.
    The article reports the successful fabrication of Eu<sup>3+</sup>-doped WO<inf>3</inf> thin films via the radio-frequency magnetron sputtering (RFMS) technique. To our knowledge, this is the first study showing the tunable visible emission (blue to bluish red) from a WO<inf>3</inf>:Eu<sup>3+</sup> thin film system using RFMS. X-ray diffractograms revealed that the crystalline nature of these thin films increased upto 3 wt% of the Eu<sup>3+</sup> concentration. The diffraction peaks in the crystalline films are matched well with the monoclinic crystalline phase of WO<inf>3</inf>, but for all the films’, micro-Raman spectra detected bands related to WO<inf>3</inf> monoclinic phase. Vibrational and surface studies reveal the amorphous/semi-crystalline behavior of the 10 wt% Eu<sup>3+</sup>-doped sample. Valence state determination shows the trivalent state of Eu ions in doped films. In the 400–900 nm regions, the fabricated thin films show an average optical transparency of ~51–85%. Moreover, the band gap energy gradually reduces from 2.95 to 2.49 eV, with an enhancement of the Eu<sup>3+</sup>-doping content. The doped films, except the one at a higher doping concentration (10 wt%), show unique emissions of Eu<sup>3+</sup> ions, besides the band edge emission of WO<inf>3</inf>. With an enhancement of the Eu<sup>3+</sup> content, the concentration quenching process of the Eu<sup>3+</sup> ions’ emission intensities is visible. The variation in CIE chromaticity coordinates suggest that the overall emission color can be altered from blue to bluish red by changing the Eu<sup>3+</sup> ion concentration.
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    Characterization, X-ray absorption spectroscopic analysis and photocatalytic activity of Co/Zn co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles synthesized by one-step sonochemical process
    (2021-10-01) ;
    Pavasupree, Sorapong
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    Jayasankar, C. K.
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    Ravuri, Balaji Rao
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    Wattanawikkam, Chakkaphan
    A novel one-step preparation of sonochemical method was applied to synthesize Co/Zn co-doped TiO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticles using a sonicator of 750 W, 20 kHz for 30 min at room temperature. The formation of the anatase TiO<inf>2</inf> phase for all as-prepared samples was observed from XRD results with a crystalline size in nanoscale. The use of ultrasound allowed for the successful doping of both Co and Zn into the TiO<inf>2</inf> lattice, which was confirmed by Synchrotron light including X-ray near edge structure (XANES) and Extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy. Ti K-edge, Co K-edge, and Zn K-edge XANES spectra exhibited the dominating +4, +2, and +2 valence state of Ti, Co, and Zn in as-prepared samples, respectively. A detailed XANES and EXAFS data analysis give strong evidence that the Co/Zn dopants partially replace the Ti atom of the TiO<inf>2</inf> host. The Co/Zn co-doping extends the light absorption of the host to the visible region and restricts the e<sup>+</sup>/h<sup>+</sup> recombination. The photocatalytic activity of samples was tested for degradation of Rhodamine B dye solution under visible light irradiation. The as-synthesized of the co-doped catalyst was presented as highly efficient, with 2.5 and 5 times dye degradation compared with single-doped and bare TiO<inf>2</inf>.
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    Preparation of potassium tungsten bronze (KxWO3) for near-infrared shielding application via high-energy ball milling: Effect of milling time
    (2026-07-15)
    Pinthong, Phonlawee
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    Kansaard, Thanaphon
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    Songpanit, Maneerat
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    Jayasankar, C. K.
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    Potassium tungsten bronze (K<inf>x</inf>WO<inf>3</inf>), one of Near-infrared shielding application, with superior visible transmittance and near-infrared. In this work, potassium tungsten bronze particles were prepared by high energy ball milling method. X-ray diffraction technique was used to identify crystal structure of KWO powder. the morphology was observed with FE-SEM and TEM. The chemical state of tungsten was use XPS, and UV-vis-NIR spectrophotometer for optical property. The effect of prolongated milling time is effect on crystal structure change from starting materials to potassium tungsten bronze materials, particles size and optical property including Near infrared shielding and photochromic property.
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    Stokes and anti-Stokes emission characteristics of Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped zinc tellurite glasses under 377 and 1550 nm excitations for solar energy conversion application
    (2025-01-01)
    Suresh, Keenatampalle
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    Kesavulu, C. R.
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    Deviprasad, C. J.
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    Kagola, Upendra Kumar
    One of the best rare earth combinations for down- and up-converting the solar photons is Er<sup>3+</sup>/Yb<sup>3+</sup>. Therefore, at present, by using the traditional melt quench technique, zinc tellurite glasses doped with Er<sup>3+</sup> and Er<sup>3+</sup>/Yb<sup>3+</sup> were characterised. Several methods of down-conversion that result in the emission of 1000 nm from the acceptor (Yb<sup>3+</sup>) under excitation of donor (Er<sup>3+</sup>) were studied. On the other hand, the impact of acceptor (Yb<sup>3+</sup>) concentration and excitation pump power on the excited state absorption and its influence on the up-conversion emission (1000 nm) properties were investigated in detail under 1535 nm excitation. The studies on emission and decay results are discovered to be very significant. Suggesting that these glasses when used as conversion layers, can append the conversion efficiency of Si-based solar cells.
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    Structural and photocatalytic properties and X-ray absorption spectroscopic study of BiVO4 nanoparticles incorporated with Fe synthesized by sonochemical method
    (2022-11-01)
    Wechprasit, Tirapat
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    Bootchanont, Atipong
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    Sailuam, Wutthigrai
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    Wattanawikkam, Chakkaphan
    ;
    Kansaard, Thanaphon
    In this work, Fe-incorporated BiVO<inf>4</inf> nanoparticles with different Fe-loading contents (0–4%) were synthesized via one-step sonochemical process. Crystal structure of all samples was investigated by X-ray diffraction technique (XRD). XRD patterns obviously show the main structure of monoclinic BiVO<inf>4</inf> structure. The secondary phase is found in the form of Fe-based oxide as a hematite Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> phase at for Fe-loading contents ≥ 2%. Relevant chemical bonding of as-synthesized samples was carried out by Raman spectroscopy indicating the fundamental vibration with various vibration modes of VO<inf>4</inf><sup>3−</sup> tetrahedron and V–O band, respectively. Morphological structure of pure BiVO<inf>4</inf> shows rod-like structure while 1–4%Fe-incorporated BiVO<inf>4</inf> display different morphologies. The chemical compositions and oxidation numbers of all elements of the samples were carried out via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). XPS spectra indicate the existence of all elements on their surface and the oxidation states of all elements are clearly scrutinized. Local structure of all samples was investigated to interrogate the local atomic site of Fe atoms by X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The normalized Fe K-edge XANES spectra of all samples indicate that the local atomic site of Fe atoms would not replace in local sites of either Bi or V sites in BiVO<inf>4</inf> crystal verified by simulated XANES spectra. However, the specific features of measured XANES spectra of all samples corresponds to the Fe K-edge XANES spectra of Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> and BiFeO<inf>3</inf> structure suggesting that local structure of all samples are formed to Fe-based oxide between Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> and BiFeO<inf>3</inf> structure. Fitting EXAFS spectra of 1–4%Fe-incorporated were practically conducted by artemis program with Fe<inf>2</inf>O<inf>3</inf> and BiFeO<inf>3</inf> used as structural models to identify local atomic environment of Fe atoms. Results show agreeable fitting with their structural models and reveal pertinent information of localization of Fe atoms. Optical properties of the samples were analyzed by UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis DRS). DRS results exhibit the absorption edge in visible range of all samples. Meanwhile, influence of Fe loading contents into pure BiVO<inf>4</inf> displays to confirm the red-shift on the absorption edge in visible range to higher wavelength, which suggests the lower optical band gap of pure BiVO<inf>4</inf>. The optimized photocatalytic degradation of RhB was performed by 4%Fe–BiVO<inf>4</inf> with 82% decolorization under visible-light irradiation within 10 min and exhibited rate constant at 0.150 min<sup>−1</sup>.