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    Quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells based on TiO 2/NiO core-shell nanocomposites
    (2011-07-01) ;
    Noonuruk, Russameeruk
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    Jarernboon, Wirat
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    The core-shell nanocomposites of titanium dioxide (TiO <inf>2</inf>) and nickel oxide (NiO) used as modified photoelectrode materials in a quasi-solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell (quasi-DSSC) were synthesized using TiO <inf>2</inf> P-25 and a nickel acetate precursor, via ball milling. The as-obtained intermediate products were annealed at 350, 450, and 550 °C. The structural properties of the NiO/TiO <inf>2</inf> nanocomposites were well characterized via X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results imply that NiO-shell-coated TiO <inf>2</inf> nanoparticles can be obtained with the assistance of sufficient thermal energy in the system. The crystallite size of the composite increased as the annealing temperature increased. Among all the prepared conditions, the composite with 0.1 wt% NiO exhibited the best performance, with an optimized solar-energy conversion efficiency of 2.29% and with a short-circuit current density of 7.21 mA/cm <sup>2</sup>. The significant enhancement of the device's current density may be associated with the charge recombination suppression by the NiO shell, which acted as a potential barrier in the composite. The decrease in the recombination of the photo-injected electrons, and the increase in the number of electrons tunneling through the NiO layer at the interface, may have resulted from the presence of a NiO layer on the TiO <inf>2</inf> nanoparticles. Copyright © 2011 American Scientific Publishers All rights reserved.
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    Comparison study of photocatalytic activity of titanium-rich materials derived from natural minerals ores using acidic leaching
    (2017-01-01)
    Kansaard, Thanaphon
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    Phoohinkong, Weerachon
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    Sanguanpak, Samanya
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    Wannakon, Anucha
    Over past decades, titanium dioxide-based materials have been recognized as effectively practical photocatalysts for purification of toxicity waste. However, pure TiO<inf>2</inf> photocatalyst is highly active under ultraviolet illumination. In this work, the effort has been focused on the synthesis of titanium-rich materials starting from minerals ores ilmenite ores and leucoxene ores by ball-milling process in combined with hydrochloric acid leaching method with optimized conditions. Crystallinity and morphologies of as-prepared samples were characterized by X-rays diffraction technique and scanning electron microscope. The photocatalytic activities of both derived-materials were studied and compared by degradation of Rhodamine B organic dye as organic toxicity compound under ultraviolet light and visible light. The results illustrate that the leucoxene-derived sample exhibits superior catalytic performance to the sample derived from ilmenite ores due to the greater Ti-content of the starting leucoxene ores.
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    Effect of Milling Speed and Time on Ultrafine ZnO Powder by High Energy Ball Milling Technique
    (2019-09-16)
    Prommalikit, C.
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    The particle size of commercial zinc oxide (ZnO) powder has been found in micron scale. For the improvement of ZnO properties, size reduction in nanoscale is required. In this work, the particle size of ultrafine ZnO powder was reduced by high energy ball milling technique. commercial grade ZnO powder with average size 0.8 μm was used as starting material. Milling speed and time of high energy milling process are considered as crucial parameters affecting size reduction of ZnO particles. Crystalline structure, surface morphological and particle size of the milled samples were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and particle analyzer, respectively. The results suggested that ZnO patterns after milling process with various milling speed and time were identically in hexagonal crystalline phase affirmed by XRD result. SEM images indicate that size of ZnO products distinctly decrease according to the increase of milling time and speed. ZnO particle size after milling process was found in ultrafine power in range of 200-400 nm. These results suggest that particle size of the commercial ZnO powders can be effectively minimized to few hundred nanometer range depending on force attraction and suitable rotation during milling process with specific speed and time. Moreover, the significant milling parameters will be studied to find the optimum condition for the production of ZnO particles in nanoscale.
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    Photocatalytic performance of ball-milled anatase/rutile mixed phase TiO2 composite powders
    (2016-01-01)
    Phoohinkong, Weerachon
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    Mixed-phase anatase/rutile titanium dioxide (TiO<inf>2</inf>) composite powder is an important material due to the unique properties of photocatalytic activity, which the photocatalytic efficiency of mixed-phase is higher than the only single anatase or rutile phase. In this study, the anatase/rutile mixed phase TiO<inf>2</inf> composite powders were prepared by ball milling of TiO<inf>2</inf> commercial grade powders. Effect of the anatase/rutile phase ratio on photocatalytic performance was investigated. The sample phase ratio is evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD) meanwhile the composite morphology is characterized using field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM). The overall results revealed that the mixed-phase anatase/rutile provided significant enhancement in photocatalytic performance compared with only anatase or rutile single phase. In addition, this ballmilling technique is considered an effective process, cost-effectively on energy saving, and suitable for preparing anatase/rutile TiO<inf>2</inf> mixed-phase for photocatalytic application.
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    Characterization of ZnO:Sn nanopowders synthesized by co-precipitation method
    (2014-01-01)
    Junlabhut, Prasopporn
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    Noonuruk, Russameeruk
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    Chongsri, Krisana
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    ZnO:Sn nanopowders were synthesized by co-precipitation method using zinc acetate dihydrate and tin (IV) chloride hexahydrate as a precursors. Co-precipitate of ZnO:Sn nanopowders with various Sn additive 0-50 %wt were obtained by calcination process at 500 °C. The corresponding functional groups and chemical bonding of the samples were investigated by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of Sn addition on structural and morphological properties of ZnO:Sn nanopowders have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman Spectroscopy (Raman) and Scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical bonding of Zn-O, Sn-O and Sn-OH in ZnO:Sn nanopowders were observed by FTIR results. The phase formation of this coumpound was observed with increasing Sn content with calcined at 500 °C. These results indicate that the crystallinity and structural of ZnO nanopowders are significantly affected by Sn dopant.
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    Structural and optical properties of F-doped ZnO nanoparticles synthesized by co-precipitation process
    (2016-01-01)
    Chongsri, Krisana
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    In this work, we reported the preparation of F-doped ZnO nanoparticles by facile precipitation process using zinc nitrate and ammonium fluoride as starting precursors for Zn and F, respectively dissolved in deionized water. The precursor solution was prepared at various fluoride composition ranging from 1-5 wt%. The as-precipitated powders were calcined at different temperature from 500 °C to 700 °C for 2 h. Effect of calcination temperature and fluoride concentration on structural, morphologies, optical and electrical properties were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), UV-Vis spectroscopy, respectively. XRD results indicated the complete formation of hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO. SEM micrographs showed the agglomeration for each sample that noticeably influenced by fluoride content.
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    Synchrotron radiation x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic study of CdTe-in structures formed by laser-induced doping technique
    (2018-09-05)
    Zelenska, Kateryna
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    Gnatyuk, Volodymyr
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    Nakajima, Hideki
    Laser-based doping technique was used in the fabrication of M-p-n structured In/CdTe/Au diodes which are sensitive to X- and γ-rays. CdTe is transparent for infrared radiation that allows irradiating the CdTe-In structures in two different ways: from metal side or through the semiconductor. The obtained In/CdTe/Au diodes were tested by electrical measurements and demonstrated low leakage current and high forward current. The distribution of In and Cd atoms with the depth in the irradiated In-CdTe structures was studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) using synchrotron radiation as the excitation light. The excitation energy was 650 eV. The In film, deposited on the CdTe crystal, was sputtered by 3 keV Ar ions during 2 hours between spectra measurements. Total time of sputtering was 10 hours. The XPS spectra for non-irradiated sample, irradiated from the In film side and through the CdTe crystal by 10 infrared laser pulses with power density of 2.5 MW/cm<sup>2</sup> were studied. Photoelectron peaks of Cd 3d and In 3d were analyzed. The evidences of laser-induced evaporation of the In film, stress-wave-induced mass transfer, freezing of non-equilibrium defects and subsequent dissolution of CdTe in the laser-molten thin layer of In film are discussed.
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    Influence of milling time, NH3 additive and annealing temperature on physical properties of modified commercial TiO2 powders via ball milling process
    (2014-01-01)
    Techitdheera, Wicharn
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    Rattanarak, Jiravat
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    N-doped TiO<inf>2</inf> were prepared via ball milling process with different operating times and annealing temperatures. Commercial TiO<inf>2</inf> anatase powders used as TiO<inf>2</inf> precursor were dispersed in ammonia solution for nitrogen source. Ball milled TiO<inf>2</inf> powders at various times were annealed in nitrogen atmosphere at different temperatures. Physical properties and surface morphologies after ball milling process were monitored by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The component of samples was characterized by energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The active surface area of the samples was investigated by Brunauer Emmet Teller method. SEM result indicated that large particle of TiO<inf>2</inf> precursor could be reduced via ball milling process leading to high active surface area by the increase of milling time. XRD result showed the crystalline structures of TiO<inf>2</inf> after milling process and nitrogen annealing were identical to TiO<inf>2</inf> precursor structure. Meanwhile, the appearance of impurity phase in TiO<inf>2</inf> precursor was also depreciated via ball milling process with ammonia solution and annealing under nitrogen atmosphere.
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    Effect of Zn:Al ratio and calcination time on structural properties of Zn-Al-O compound
    (2016-01-01) ;
    Worasawat, Suchada
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    Tangcharoen, Thanit
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    Zn-Al-O compounds were successfully synthesized via co-precipitation method at pH 8 followed by calcination process at 900 °C. Influence of different precursor (Zn:Al) ratio and calcination time on their structural properties and formation have been investigated. Varying Zn:Al ratio was conducted at 2:1, 1:1, 1:2 and 1:4 with different calcination time at 0, 2, 4, and 6 h. Phase transformation and morphologies were characterized by X-ray diffraction and field-emission scanning electron microscope. Moreover, chemical bonding of Zn-Al-O compound was analyzed by Raman spectroscopy. The results indicated that chemical bonding between Zn-Al oxide evidentially occurred in all samples in composite form and spinel structure. In addition, the amount of Al content considerably contributes to significant aggregation in zinc aluminate (ZnAl<inf>2</inf>O<inf>4</inf>) spinel crystalline phase affirmed by XRD result. Meanwhile, SEM images reveal high crystallinity and strong formation of the compound obtained by prolong calcined period.
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    Extraction and characterization of nanocellulose from sugarcane bagasse by ball-milling-assisted acid hydrolysis
    (2018-09-05)
    Plermjai, Kittiya
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    Pavasupree, Sorapong
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    Phoohinkong, Weerachon
    This study is proposed to characterize nanocellulose extracted from sugarcane bagasse (SCB). For extracting cellulose, the bagasse was treated by chemical treatment. The nanocellulose was prepared using ball-milling with acid hydrolysis. Morphology of bagasse, cellulose and nanocellulose were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The chemical composition of extracted cellulose and nanocellulose was investigated by Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy that verifying the removal of lignin and hemicellulose during cellulose isolation process from sugarcane bagasse. The crystalline structure of cellulose and nanocellulose were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), indicating that the nanocellulose prepared by ball milling with acid hydrolysis has higher crystallinity than nanocellulose prepared only ball milling.