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    A concise review on design and control of structured natural rubber latex particles as engineering nanocomposites
    (2021-10-05)
    Wichaita, Waraporn
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    Promlok, Duangkamol
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    Sudjaipraparat, Narissara
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    Sripraphot, Supang
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    In this article, we review the modification of natural rubber (NR) latex into the engineered particles for make use of them in functional nanocomposites. The review focuses on tuning nano-/microstructure and/or composition of NR latex particles by means of surface chemical functionalization, structural modification and incorporation of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs). Due to their polydispersity in size and non-spherical shape with complicated indigenous stabilizers, i.e., proteins and lipids, we first describe the fundamental and common methods for the modification of synthetic polymer latex which become a practical guideline for engineering of NR particles to a variety of designs. Subsequently, the examples of successfully modified NR latex and the involved parameters in the preparation are discussed. The different nature and properties of the modified NR latex compared to the synthetic latex are then depicted. Finally, specific examples of these systems used in a range of applications including nanofillers, controlled releasing materials, textiles, electronics and coatings are demonstrated. The research on modification of NR latex particles would be beneficial to the field of materials science and engineering for the valorization of naturally abundant colloidal polymer to the advanced functional materials in the broader utilization/commercialization in the future.
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    PMMA particles coated with chitosan-silver nanoparticles as a dual antibacterial modifier for natural rubber latex films
    (2019-02-01) ;
    Wongpreecha, Jitrada
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    Polpanich, Duangporn
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    Jangpatarapongsa, Kulachart
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    Kaewsaneha, Chariya
    The antibacterial activity in sulphur prevulcanized natural rubber (SPNR) latex film was effectively improved by deposition of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) particles encircled with chitosan-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-CS). With the focus on a green process, CS was selected as a safe reducing and stabilizing agent for the one-step synthesis of AgNPs-CS (38 nm, +40.4 mV) in an autoclave. The adsorption of small-sized AgNPs-CS directly onto rubber film did not provide an inhibitory effect on S. aureus. It also had a low antibacterial effect on E. coli. This is because of the particles becoming completely/partially submerged into the soft rubber matrix upon drying. Hence, the AgNPs-CS were fabricated as a shell surrounding a rigid PMMA core (496 nm, -30.9 mV). This was done using a heterocoagulation technique prior to coating on SPNR film. The presence of PMMA/AgNPs-CS on the surface of SPNR film effectively increased the surface roughness from ca. 44 to 150 nm. This substantially promoted the antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. aureus by way of contact killing and repelling mechanisms. The cytotoxicity on L-929 fibroblasts was also suppressed. This study would be, therefore, applicable to the development of antibacterial SPNR film with high surface roughness, low cytotoxicity. It could also be applied for other soft substrates.
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    Controlled reversible assembly of gold nanoparticles as a new colorimetric and sensitive detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
    (2020-07-25)
    Boonyuen, Usa
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    Praoparotai, Aun
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    Chamchoy, Kamonwan
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    Swangsri, Thitiluck
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    Warakulwit, Chompunuch
    Recently, several studies have examined possible applications of nanoparticles for the development of electronic and optical sensors. The plasmon absorbance of gold nanoparticles has been used extensively to study biomolecular processes, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide/nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent enzymatic reactions. In this report, we describe the development of gold nanoparticles as a new colorimetric and sensitive detection method of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency by means of controlled reversible assembly of gold nanoparticles. 3-nm polyvinylpyrrolidone/N,N′-dimethylaminopyridine-stabilized gold nanoparticles were synthesized, characterized and applied for an in vitro activity assay of 11 recombinant human glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants. Differences in the activity of the glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase variants from different deficiency classes were readily detected using the synthesized gold nanoparticles. The developed method can be easily distinguished with color change by naked eye for the detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Moreover, we are the first to propose the segregation mechanism of polyvinylpyrrolidone/N,N′-dimethylaminopyridine-stabilized gold nanoparticles by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. The method enables visual detection of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, which could be further developed for diagnostic testing of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency.
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    Amino acid as a biodegradation accelerator of mesoporous silica nanoparticles
    (2019-07-01)
    Ratirotjanakul, Waranya
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    Polpanich, Duangporn
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    Tangboriboonrat, Pramuan
    In order to avoid cumulative toxicity of the remained mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) in biological systems, three amino acids (aâs), i.e., glycine (Gly), aspartic acid (Asp) and cysteine (Cys), were incorporated into MSNs for accelerating their biodegradation. Aâ was conjugated with 3-isocyanatopropyl triethoxysilane (ICPTES) before reacting with tetraethyl orthosilicate to form aâ-MSNs via the sol-gel process based co-condensation. FTIR spectra confirmed the urea bond formation in aâ-ICPTES, whereas silicon resonances of T<sup>2</sup> and T<sup>3</sup> in <sup>29</sup>Si NMR spectrum indicated the incorporation of aâ in MSNs. Spherical bare-MSNs (112 nm) were obtained while the rod-like particles were formed in the case of Gly-MSNs (73 nm in length), Asp-MSNs (90 nm in length), and Cys-MSNs (163 nm in length). The trend of %Si dissolution rate analyzed from microwave plasma-atomic emission spectrometer (MP-AES) of aâ-MSNs in phosphate buffer saline (PBS)/trypsin enzyme (pH 7.4) was 3–5 times higher than in PBS (pH 7.4) and 7–8 times higher than in acetate buffer (pH 5.2), respectively. The Asp-MSNs having two carboxylic groups showed the highest degradability, followed by Cys-MSNs, Gly-MSNs, and bare-MSNs in all three media. By capability of aâ as a dissolution promoter, the aâ-MSNs would be an effective and alternative material used as drug carrier in biomedical applications.
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    Parameters Governing Void Formation and Expansion of Hollow Natural Rubber Latex Particles for Their Use as Bio-based Nanocapsules
    (2025-02-01)
    Promlok, Duangkamol
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    Polpanich, Duangporn
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    Tangboriboonrat, Pramuan
    This work reports the hollow latex (HL) particles developed from natural rubber latex particles (NRPs), known for their broad size distribution and non-spherical shape. HL-NRPs, prepared via the seeded emulsion polymerization in one pot, are studied as potential bio-based nanocapsules for the first time. Effects of types of crosslinking agents and swelling agents, the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and monomer compositions on the void formation and expansion are systematically investigated. The combined effects of phase separation between NR core swelled with divinyl benzene (DVB) and hydrophilic poly(methyl methacrylate/acrylic acid) P(MMA/AA) shell, the entanglement of rubber chains copolymerized with MMA/DVB/AA monomers, and the osmosis from external aqueous medium promoted the void formation. While crosslinking agents affected the void formation and shell strength, SDS and type of monomers governed colloidal stability and polymerization loci as well as morphology, respectively. The ability of HL-NRPs as nanocapsules is explored by encapsulating fluorescent dyes, i.e., hydrophilic fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and lipophilic Nile red (NiR), as model cargo. From the dye release test after 24 h, the cumulative concentrations of FITC in methanol and of NiR in tetrahydrofuran are 0.17 and 0.11 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The results suggested that FITC is released from HL-NRPs easier than NiR possibly due to the different encapsulation location.
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    Effect of Morphology of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles on Photocatalytic Activity
    (2019-10-25)
    Thiwakornkitkul, Naphat
    ;
    Dispersing nanoparticles into the matrix is a simple but effective method to improve properties of coating layer. Titanium dioxide (TiO<inf>2</inf>), known for its photocatalytic activity (PCA) to degrade organic substances and to protect microbial infection, is considered to be potential candidate. However, intense light is required to achieve high PCA. Scattering layer composing of hollow TiO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticles, known as light harvester in solar cell devices, may be suitable for photocatalysis at lower light intensity. In this work, we studied the effect of hollow morphology to the PCA of TiO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticles. Hollow TiO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticles were successfully synthesized using hard-template-assisted sol-gel method. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) images show hollow TiO<inf>2</inf> nanoparticles possessing 125-nm hollow core and 50-nm TiO<inf>2</inf> shell. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) results revealed no crystalline peak for both calcined and non-calcined samples, but difference for each sample was reported by Ultraviolet-Visible Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy (UV-DRS). UV-DRS spectrum showed the higher diffuse reflectance for both hollow TiO<inf>2</inf> samples than the dense counterpart, suggesting multiple light scattering and high reflection. However, energy bandgaps of amorphous and calcined hollow TiO<inf>2</inf> samples are higher than dense counterparts.
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    Fabrication of hollow magnetic polyaniline particles via in-situ polymerization in one-pot for UV–Vis-NIR and EMI applications
    (2024-01-01)
    Promlok, Duangkamol
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    Wichaita, Waraporn
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    Phongtamrug, Suttinun
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    Kaewsaneha, Chariya
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    Sreearunothai, Paiboon
    The concern on the adverse impacts of electromagnetic (EM) pollution has continuously increased. Instead of using heavy metal sheet, this work aims to develop magnetic polymeric particles, that can easily be incorporated in coatings, for EM/ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV–Vis-NIR) shielding. By carefully design structure and key components, hollow magnetic (HoM) polyaniline (PANI) particles possessing a void encircled with magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in PANI semi-conductive shell were fabricated via the oxidative polymerization in emulsion system. By using ethyl benzene as a soft template and different surfactive dopants, i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), the HoM-PANI particles (0.5–2 μm) with well-defined hollow structure, high magnetic loading (17–21%wt), and superparamagnetic properties were obtained. The particle size distribution, and magnetic loading were slightly affected by the reaction temperature, whereas molecular weight (M<inf>w</inf>) of the localized dopant considerably influenced on the levels of interparticle connectivity, and hence, the conductivity could be tailored. The water dispersible HoM-PANI particles could form opaque coating, and free-standing film. PSS with M<inf>w</inf> of 70 K and 1 M yielded the larger HoM-PANI particles and more opaque films than small dopant molecules. Void size was the determining effect on excellent opacity of the coating containing HoM-PANI dispersed in poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix against UV–Vis-NIR, and EM radiation. The ability to tune their optical properties, and electrical conductivity accomplished by designing the particle nanostructure, and doping/de-doping by localized dopants enables them the promising candidates for functional paint, and film for irradiation protection.
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    A Predictive Dual-Stage Neural Framework for Phase-Coherent Auditory Synthesis on Edge Devices
    (2026-06-01)
    Pairoch, Sathit
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    Real-time binaural beat synthesis in dynamic acoustic environments is challenged by carrier non-stationarity, interaural phase discontinuities, and processing delay in conventional digital signal processing pipelines. This study proposes a predictive dual-stage neural framework for phase-coherent auditory synthesis under non-stationary acoustic conditions. The framework decouples real-time carrier estimation from phase-coherent signal generation through two specialized modules. An intelligent acoustic sensing module (AI-1) estimates time-varying carrier information across harmonic, fluctuating, and broadband acoustic profiles using a causal neural front-end with an adaptive confidence-driven strategy. A predictive phase-coherent generator (AI-2) then forecasts short-horizon carrier trajectories and drives a discrete-time phase accumulator to maintain continuous phase evolution during binaural beat embedding. Objective evaluation under multiple acoustic profiles and noise conditions shows that the proposed framework maintains strong phase continuity, with a Phase Coherence Factor greater than 0.91, and low artifact levels, with a Signal-to-Artifact Ratio greater than 39.8 dB, under the evaluated conditions. Additional comparisons with conventional DSP baselines, stronger classical F0 estimators, a lightweight neural F0 tracker, and component-wise ablation variants further demonstrate that the performance improvement arises from the combination of adaptive carrier estimation and predictive phase-coherent actuation, rather than from carrier estimation alone. Hardware profiling shows a combined INT8 inference time of 2.4 ms per frame on a resource-constrained Raspberry Pi Zero 2W-class edge device. Importantly, this inference time and the sub-millisecond phase-accumulator resolution should not be interpreted as sub-millisecond end-to-end physical audio latency. The complete system still includes buffering, framing, neural inference, and output processing delay; the proposed method instead reduces effective phase-boundary misalignment through short-horizon predictive compensation. These results support the proposed framework as a lightweight engineering solution for real-time phase-continuous auditory synthesis in dynamic listening environments. The reported PCF and SAR values should be interpreted as signal-level indicators of phase continuity and artifact suppression, rather than as evidence of listener comfort, perceptual preference, or neurophysiological efficacy.
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    PMMA-N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles for fabrication of antibacterial natural rubber latex gloves
    (2014-08-30)
    Arpornwichanop, Thanida
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    Polpanich, Duangporn
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    Thiramanas, Raweewan
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    Tangboriboonrat, Pramuan
    This paper presents one-pot synthesis of N,N,N-trimethyl chitosan (TMC) stabilized poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) latex particles via the miniemulsion polymerization technique. From <sup>1</sup>H NMR, synthesized TMC contains 52% degree of quaternization. Compared to native biopolymer chitosan, TMC possesses permanently positive charges as well as provides greater antibacterial activity. Combining properties of PMMA and TMC, PMMA-TMC latex nanoparticles hydrodynamic size.© 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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    Highly fluorescent sub 40-nm aminated mesoporous silica nanoparticles
    (2015-04-01) ;
    Ma, Kai
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    Drews, Jennifer E.
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    Werner-Zwanziger, Ulrike
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    Zwanziger, Josef
    We report the room temperature synthesis of highly fluorescent, sub-40 nm aminated mesoporous silica nanoparticles in water using triethanolamine (TEA) as catalyst. Co-condensation reactions between silica precursors, i.e., tetraethoxysilane and 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane, allows the incorporation of amino moieties and conjugated fluorescent dye (tetramethylrhodamine-5(6)-isothiocyanate; TRITC) throughout the silica matrix. Resulting materials are characterized using a combination of transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen sorption measurements, dynamic light scattering, zeta potential measurements, thermogravimetric analysis, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy and solid-state <sup>29</sup>Si-NMR spectroscopy. The TEA-catalyzed system leads to the formation of bright and discrete sub-40 nm aminated mesoporous silica nanoparticles with disordered pore structure and high organic content. Resulting nanomaterials may find use as simultaneous fluorescent probes and drug delivery vehicles in future theranostic applications.