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    Item type:Publication,
    A concise review on design and control of structured natural rubber latex particles as engineering nanocomposites
    (2021-10-05)
    Wichaita, Waraporn
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    Promlok, Duangkamol
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    Sudjaipraparat, Narissara
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    Sripraphot, Supang
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    In this article, we review the modification of natural rubber (NR) latex into the engineered particles for make use of them in functional nanocomposites. The review focuses on tuning nano-/microstructure and/or composition of NR latex particles by means of surface chemical functionalization, structural modification and incorporation of inorganic nanoparticles (NPs). Due to their polydispersity in size and non-spherical shape with complicated indigenous stabilizers, i.e., proteins and lipids, we first describe the fundamental and common methods for the modification of synthetic polymer latex which become a practical guideline for engineering of NR particles to a variety of designs. Subsequently, the examples of successfully modified NR latex and the involved parameters in the preparation are discussed. The different nature and properties of the modified NR latex compared to the synthetic latex are then depicted. Finally, specific examples of these systems used in a range of applications including nanofillers, controlled releasing materials, textiles, electronics and coatings are demonstrated. The research on modification of NR latex particles would be beneficial to the field of materials science and engineering for the valorization of naturally abundant colloidal polymer to the advanced functional materials in the broader utilization/commercialization in the future.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Parameters Governing Void Formation and Expansion of Hollow Natural Rubber Latex Particles for Their Use as Bio-based Nanocapsules
    (2025-02-01)
    Promlok, Duangkamol
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    Polpanich, Duangporn
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    Tangboriboonrat, Pramuan
    This work reports the hollow latex (HL) particles developed from natural rubber latex particles (NRPs), known for their broad size distribution and non-spherical shape. HL-NRPs, prepared via the seeded emulsion polymerization in one pot, are studied as potential bio-based nanocapsules for the first time. Effects of types of crosslinking agents and swelling agents, the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), and monomer compositions on the void formation and expansion are systematically investigated. The combined effects of phase separation between NR core swelled with divinyl benzene (DVB) and hydrophilic poly(methyl methacrylate/acrylic acid) P(MMA/AA) shell, the entanglement of rubber chains copolymerized with MMA/DVB/AA monomers, and the osmosis from external aqueous medium promoted the void formation. While crosslinking agents affected the void formation and shell strength, SDS and type of monomers governed colloidal stability and polymerization loci as well as morphology, respectively. The ability of HL-NRPs as nanocapsules is explored by encapsulating fluorescent dyes, i.e., hydrophilic fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) and lipophilic Nile red (NiR), as model cargo. From the dye release test after 24 h, the cumulative concentrations of FITC in methanol and of NiR in tetrahydrofuran are 0.17 and 0.11 µg mL<sup>−1</sup>, respectively. The results suggested that FITC is released from HL-NRPs easier than NiR possibly due to the different encapsulation location.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Fabrication of hollow magnetic polyaniline particles via in-situ polymerization in one-pot for UV–Vis-NIR and EMI applications
    (2024-01-01)
    Promlok, Duangkamol
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    Wichaita, Waraporn
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    Phongtamrug, Suttinun
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    Kaewsaneha, Chariya
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    Sreearunothai, Paiboon
    The concern on the adverse impacts of electromagnetic (EM) pollution has continuously increased. Instead of using heavy metal sheet, this work aims to develop magnetic polymeric particles, that can easily be incorporated in coatings, for EM/ultraviolet-visible-near infrared (UV–Vis-NIR) shielding. By carefully design structure and key components, hollow magnetic (HoM) polyaniline (PANI) particles possessing a void encircled with magnetic nanoparticles dispersed in PANI semi-conductive shell were fabricated via the oxidative polymerization in emulsion system. By using ethyl benzene as a soft template and different surfactive dopants, i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfate, sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate, and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate) (PSS), the HoM-PANI particles (0.5–2 μm) with well-defined hollow structure, high magnetic loading (17–21%wt), and superparamagnetic properties were obtained. The particle size distribution, and magnetic loading were slightly affected by the reaction temperature, whereas molecular weight (M<inf>w</inf>) of the localized dopant considerably influenced on the levels of interparticle connectivity, and hence, the conductivity could be tailored. The water dispersible HoM-PANI particles could form opaque coating, and free-standing film. PSS with M<inf>w</inf> of 70 K and 1 M yielded the larger HoM-PANI particles and more opaque films than small dopant molecules. Void size was the determining effect on excellent opacity of the coating containing HoM-PANI dispersed in poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix against UV–Vis-NIR, and EM radiation. The ability to tune their optical properties, and electrical conductivity accomplished by designing the particle nanostructure, and doping/de-doping by localized dopants enables them the promising candidates for functional paint, and film for irradiation protection.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Hollow natural rubber latex particles as bio-based alternative white pigment for coating applications
    (2022-11-15)
    Promlok, Duangkamol
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    Sonongbua, Kritayakorn
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    Wilepsuwan, Mutita
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    Tangboriboonrat, Pramuan
    Due to the broad particle size distribution as well as non-spherical shape of natural rubber (NR) latex particles, the non-collapse hollow NR latex particles (HL-NRPs) with well-defined void structure were developed aiming to use as an eco-friendly white pigment/additive for coatings. These hybrid HL-NRPs were prepared via the seeded emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate/divinylbenzene/acrylic acid (MMA/DVB/AA) monomers on NR core particles in one-pot. Using cumene hydroperoxide (CHP)/tetraethylene pentamine (TEPA) as a redox initiator, the copolymerization occurred at the particle/water interface. Without seed removal, a single void inside NRP was in situ formed by the phase separation process. Hydrophobic and elastic NR became the inner wall which strengthened the HL particles. Whereas its indigenous stabilizers, i.e., proteins-lipids, allowed the osmosis from the aqueous medium to further expand the void. The proposed mechanism was illustrated using oleic acid (OA) as a model fatty acid for non-rubber substances. Since the multiple light scattering inside the hollow structure could enhance their refractive index, the optical performance of HL-NRPs as a low-density opacifying agent in poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix, was examined using UV-Vis spectroscopy. Results showed that the HL-NRPs-based films exhibited high blocking ability over UV and visible regions. Moreover, the HL-NRPs coated with chitosan (CS) enabled these nanocomposites to adsorb the formaldehyde vapor. For sustainable development, HL-NRPs/CS could potentially be a green alternative white pigment/additive for coatings.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Facile control of structured ZnO polymeric nanoparticles through miniemulsion polymerization: Kinetic and UV shielding effects
    (2021-08-01)
    Sudjaipraparat, Narissara
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    ;
    Tangboriboonrat, Pramuan
    Zinc oxide polymeric nanoparticles (ZPPs) of poly (styrene-co-acrylic acid) P(St/AA), containing oleic acid modified zinc oxide nanoparticles (OA-ZnO NPs), were synthesized via miniemul-sion polymerization. By simply adjusting the quantity of reactants, i.e., sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) surfactant, potassium persulfate (KPS) initiator, and divinyl benzene (DVB) crosslinking agent, the location of ZnO NPs were altered from the inner (core) to the outer (shell), leading to core-shell and Pickering-like morphologies, respectively. The Pickering-like ZPPs were obtained when using SDS at below or equal to the critical micelle concentration (CMC). At above the CMC, the complete en-capsulation of OA-ZnO NPs within the ZPPs depicted a kinetically controlled morphology. The transition to Pickering-like ZPPs also occurred when reducing the KPS from 2 to 0.5–1%. Whereas the DVB accelerated the polymerization rate and viscosity in the growing monomer-swollen nanodroplets and, hence, contributed to kinetic parameters on particle morphology, i.e., an increase in the DVB content increased the rate of polymerization. A hollow structure was obtained by replacing styrene with the more hydrophilic monomer, i.e., methyl methacrylate. All ZPPs-incorporated poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films greatly improved shielding performance over the UV region and were relatively transparent on a white paper background. Due to the large number of ZnO NPs in the central region and, hence, the ease of electron transfer, composite films containing core-shell ZPPs possessed the highest UV blocking ability. ZnO NPs in the outer part of the hollow and Pickering-like ZPPs, on the other hand, facilitated the multiple light scattering according to the difference of refractive in-dices between the inorganic shell and organic/air core. These results confirm the advantage of structured ZPPs and their potential use as transparent UV shielding fillers.
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    Item type:Publication,
    Hollow amorphous TiO2 particles for transparent UV shielding film
    (2025-05-01)
    Pukveera, Nichapat
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    Polpanich, Duangporn
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    Wongngam, Yodsathorn
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    Tangboriboonrat, Pramuan
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    Crystalline titanium dioxide (C-TiO<inf>2</inf>) particles are widely used as inorganic filters in coatings due to their high refractive indexes (n) and functions in photocatalysis. However, these particles may pose environmental and health risks due to their crystalline nature. Additionally, the long-term use of C-TiO<inf>2</inf> has the potential to damage organic contents due to their photocatalytic properties. These drawbacks make amorphous TiO<inf>2</inf> (A-TiO<inf>2</inf>) appealing for use in non-catalysis applications, e.g., coatings. This study aims to develop an alternative UV filter derived from A-TiO<inf>2</inf> with a hollow structure (HA-TiO<inf>2</inf>) that can be used in coatings. The hollow interior of the designed HA-TiO<inf>2</inf> structure compensates for its lower n through multiple light scattering, enhancing the UV shielding performance. Furthermore, the amorphous structure also promotes the transparency of the composite film. To obtain HA-TiO<inf>2</inf>, TiO<inf>2</inf>-coated silica (SiO<inf>2</inf>@TiO<inf>2</inf>) particles were synthesized using the modified sol-gel method. Selective etching was employed to remove the dense (D) SiO<inf>2</inf> core (hard template). The resulting HA-TiO<inf>2</inf> particles possessed higher UV absorption properties than D-SiO<inf>2</inf>, SiO<inf>2</inf>@TiO<inf>2</inf>, dense amorphous (DA) TiO<inf>2</inf> particles, and commercial C-TiO<inf>2</inf> (TiONA® 595, rutile). Poly(vinyl alcohol) films containing HA-TiO<inf>2</inf> particles displayed the highest UV shielding performance, effectively blocking the photodegradation of methylene blue while maintaining film transparency. The integration of high UV shielding performance of the hollow structure and transparency of the amorphous matter provided synergistic effects. Overall, HA-TiO<inf>2</inf> shows promise as a safer alternative to current inorganic UV filters in a variety of applications, including coatings, textiles, and packaging.