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    Robust power oscillation damper design for DFIG-based wind turbine
    (2013-09-02) ; ;
    Nakawiro, Worawat
    A new robust power oscillation damper (POD) design for a doubly fed induction generator based- wind turbine is proposed in this paper. The POD structure is specified by the second-order lead/lag compensator with single input signal. The parameters optimization of POD is formulated based on a mixed H<inf>2</inf>/H<inf>∞</inf> control using linear matrix inequalities. The POD parameters are optimized by the firefly algorithm so that the damping performance against system disturbances and the robustness under system uncertainties are satisfied. Simulation results in a single machine infinite bus confirm the superior robustness of the proposed POD over the conventional POD. © 2013 IEEE.
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    Wide area robust centralized power oscillation dampers design for DFIG-based wind turbines
    Inter-area oscillations are associated with machines in one part of the system oscillating against machines in other parts of the system. They are caused by two or more groups of machines that are interconnected by weak ties. To damp out the inter-area oscillations, this paper proposes the new application of wide area stability control for robust centralized power oscillation dampers (PODs) design of doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbines. The POD with 2<sup>nd</sup>-order lead/lag compensator structure for each DFIG wind turbine is located at the control center. To stabilize the target inter-area mode effectively, the geometric measures of controllability and observability are used to choose the suitable DFIG wind turbine for stabilizing the target oscillation mode, the proper input signal of POD, and the location of phasor measurement units (PMUs). The input signal of each POD is obtained from PMU while the output signal is transmitted to the rotor side converter voltage controller of DFIG. As a result, the reactive power output of DFIG can be modulated to damp out inter-area oscillations. In the POD parameters optimization, the wide range of power output levels of DFIGs and synchronous generators, time delays due to wide area communication, and unstructured system uncertainties model are taken into account so that the damping of inter-area modes and the system robust stability margin against uncertainties can be guaranteed. Solving the problem by the firefly algorithm automatically, the optimal parameters of PODs can be achieved. The stabilizing performance and robustness of the proposed robust centralized POD are evaluated in the IEEE New England 39 bus system by eigenvalue analyses and nonlinear simulation in scenarios with severe short circuits, N-1 outage contingencies, heavy power flows, and line tripping.
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    Adaptive signal selection of wide-area damping controllers under various operating conditions
    Since operating conditions of power systems always change, the input and output signals of wide-area damping controller (WADC), which are selected at an operating point, may not be able to guarantee the damping effect at other operating points. This paper focuses on a new adaptive signal selection for WADC against several operating conditions, such as various load demands, control signal failure, line and generator outages, and effect of communication latency. The joint controllability and observability is used to determine the best input and output pairs of WADC at any operating points. Small-signal and transient stabilities study in the IEEE 50-machine system including renewable sources, i.e., wind and solar photovoltaic generators are conducted to evaluate the effect of the proposed method. Study result demonstrates that the WADC with the adaptive signal selection yields superior damping effect to the WADC with the fixed signal selection over wide range operations.
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    Hierarchical Co-Ordinated Wide Area and Local Controls of DFIG Wind Turbine and PSS for Robust Power Oscillation Damping
    In this paper, the two-level hierarchical scheme, which consists of wide area centralized and local controls of the power oscillation damper (POD) installed with the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine and the power system stabilizer (PSS) has been proposed for robust power oscillation damping. In the wide area level, the centralized POD and PSS has received the input signals from synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs). The geometric measures of controllability and observability have been applied to select the suitable DFIG and synchronous generator (SG) for stabilizing the target oscillation modes, the proper input signals of the centralized POD and PSS, and the location of PMUs. In the local level, the suitable DFIG and SG have been equipped with POD and PSS, respectively. In the parameters optimization of POD and PSS, the practical issues such as damping performance, controller structure, communication latency, and robustness against system uncertainties have been considered. The controller efficiency and resiliency of the proposed controller have been evaluated in comparison with other controllers by eigenvalue analysis and nonlinear simulation for a wide range of operating conditions, line outage contingencies, severe faults, and communication failure.
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    Robust stabilization of multimachine power system by DFIG wind turbine equipped with power oscillation damper
    Various system uncertainties and disturbances may cause the power system instability. The power system stabilizing controller designed without taking such uncertainties into account may not tolerate and fail to operate. This paper aim at the new robust control design of power oscillation damper (POD) equipped with the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine. Without difficulty of mathematic modeling, the inverse output multiplicative perturbation is used to represent system uncertainties. The structure of POD is specified as a practical 2nd-order lead/lag compensator with single input. The POD parameters optimization problem is formulated considering the variation of tie-line power flows. The POD parameters are automatically tuned by firefly algorithm so that the damping performance and robustness can be achieved. Simulation results in IEEE 9 bus test system ensure that the proposed robust POD is superior to the conventional POD in terms of the damping performance and robustness.
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    Coordinated DFIG Wind Turbines and Solar PV Generators for Inter-area Oscillation Damping
    Intermittent power injection from renewable energy sources such as wind and solar farms may cause low damping of critical inter-area oscillation modes. However, such renewable sources may be located in some areas with higher controllability of inter-area oscillations than the conventional synchronous generators. By controlling the reactive power output of such renewable sources, the superior damping effect of inter-area oscillations can be anticipated. This paper proposes the robust control design of power oscillation dampers of wind turbines with doubly-fed induction generator and solar photovoltaic generators to damp inter-area oscillations in large-scale power systems. The coordinated robust controllers are designed to achieve the desired damping and robustly operate against system uncertainties such as noises, external disturbance, and intermittent power. Study results indicate that the damping effect of coordinated wind and solar farms is higher than that of conventional power system stabilizers under various operating conditions.
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    Impact of Variable Time Delay on Oscillatory Stability in Power System with Wind and Solar Farms using Wide Area Damping Control
    Renewable energy sources such as wind and solar farms have increasingly participated in modern power grids in order to supply inflated demands. In addition, wind and solar farms equipped with the wide area damping controller (WADC) can be adopted to enhance an oscillatory stability. However, the time delay in the communication of input and output signals of the WADC is an unavoidable problem. In previous works, the time delay is assumed to be a fixed value. In fact, the time delay may be variable in both input and output sides of the WADC. Such type of delay is defined as variable time delay. This paper focuses on the impact analysis of variable time delay on an oscillatory stability in wind and solar farms equipped with WADC. The new mathematical model of the power system with wind and solar farms with WADC including variable time delay is formulated. The technique for analyzing the influence of variable time delay is presented. Small signal and transient stability analysis results in an IEEE 50-machine 145-bus signify that the variable time delay significantly affects the damping performance of WADC. In the worst case, it may bring about the system instability.
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    Coordinated robust control of DFIG wind turbine and pss for stabilization of power oscillations considering system uncertainties
    Uncertainties in power systems, such as intermittent wind power, generating and loading conditions may cause the malfunction of power system stabilizing controllers, which are designed without considering such uncertainties. To enhance the robustness of stabilizing controllers against system uncertainties, this paper proposes a new coordinated robust control of doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) wind turbine equipped with power oscillation damper (POD) and synchronous generator installed with power system stabilizer (PSS) for stabilization of power system oscillations. Without the difficulty of mathematical representation, the inverse output multiplicative perturbation is used to model system uncertainties. The structure of POD and PSS is specified as a practical second-order lead/lag compensator with single input. The parameters optimization of POD and PSS is conducted so that the stabilizing performance and robustness of POD and PSS are augmented. The improved firefly algorithm is applied to solve the optimization problem and achieve the POD and PSS parameters automatically. Simulation study in the modified IEEE-39 bus New England system included with DFIG wind turbines ensures that the robustness and stabilizing performance of the proposed coordinated DFIG with POD and PSS are much superior to those of the conventional DFIG with POD and PSS under various severe disturbances and system uncertainties. © 2014 IEEE.
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    Inter-Area Oscillation Damping Control Design Considering Impact of Variable Latencies
    It is ubiquitously accepted that system latency causes a serious problem in an oscillatory stability, especially when it involves with the centralized damping controllers using wide-area input signals. Previously, the latency was assumed to be constant in the centralized controller design and nonlinear time simulation. However, variable latencies, which vary area-to-area depending on the distances between stabilizing devices and control center, inevitably occur in large power systems. Thus, the damping performance may be deteriorated when variable latencies are ignored in the control design. This paper presents an inter-area oscillation damping controller design considering the impact of variable latencies. Selection of suitable stabilizing devices and input signal is conducted by taking variable latencies into account. Stability studies are carried out in IEEE 50-machine 145-bus to analyze an influence of variable latencies on the oscillation damping and the signal selection. The proposed damping controller can achieve desired damping performance as well as robustness against variable latencies, various operating conditions, and severe disturbances.
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    Two-level robust coordinated stabilizing control of PSS and DFIG wind turbine for enhancing grid resiliency
    Under the disruption of communication system, the wide area controller may fail to stabilize power oscillations. As a result, the power grids may be jeopardized due to the undamped oscillations. To improve the grid resiliency, a new design method of the two-level robust coordinated stabilizing control of power oscillation damper (POD) of wind turbine with doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG), and power system stabilizer (PSS) is presented in this paper. The two-level control of POD and PSS consists of centralized and local levels. As the main controllers, the centralized POD and PSS are applied to damp out power oscillations. When the communication failure occurs, the local POD and PSS act as the backup controllers to stabilize power oscillations instead of the centralized POD and PSS. The geometric measures of controllability and observability are adopted to determine the suitable input signals of POD and PSS. The structure of POD and PSS is represented by a practical 2<sup>nd</sup>-order lead/lag compensator. The control parameters of POD and PSS of each control level are separately optimized under various operating conditions so that the damping effect and robustness can be guaranteed. Simulation study is conducted to show the stabilizing effect of the proposed controller on the enhancement of grid resiliency against severe short circuits, line outages, various power flow levels, wind speeds, variable communication latency, and communication failure.